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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-183-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards Precise Building Models: LOD Generation from Airborne Multi-Source Point Clouds</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Parvaz</surname>
<given-names>Shahoriar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Teferle</surname>
<given-names>Felicia Norma</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-3571</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nurunnabi</surname>
<given-names>Abdul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3846-5172</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geodesy and Geospatial Engineering, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, L-1359 City of Luxembourg, Luxembourg</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W6-2025</volume>
<fpage>183</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Shahoriar Parvaz et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/183/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-183-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/183/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-183-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/183/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-183-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/183/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-183-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The demand for accurate, lightweight 3D building models is rapidly growing in urban analysis, digital twins, and geospatial information systems. Single-source airborne point clouds, such as airborne laser scanning (ALS) or dense image matching (DIM), often suffer from geometric incompleteness, uneven density, and misalignments, limiting the reliability of Level of Detail (LOD) building reconstructions. While substantial progress has been made in single-source building reconstruction and multi-source fusion, fully automated LOD generation pipelines that effectively exploit cross-source airborne data remain limited. This paper presents an automated workflow for generating precise LOD building models from cross-source fused point clouds, leveraging the precision of ALS and the high resolution of DIM to improve model fidelity. Using point clouds obtained from a slice-to-slice fusion approach, experiments on Luxembourg datasets demonstrate a reduced model standard deviation of 0.17m compared to 0.20m for ALS, 0.29m for DIM, and 0.27m for conventional ICP-based fused point clouds. The results show that our workflow, combined with a polygon fitting algorithm and cross-source fused data, significantly enhances building model accuracy and geometric completeness, highlighting the value of multi-source integration for automated 3D city modeling.</p>
</abstract>
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</article-meta>
</front>
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