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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-191-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating bathymetric LiDAR accuracy with different sources of reference data</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rhomberg-Kauert</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dammert</surname>
<given-names>Lucas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gueguen</surname>
<given-names>Laure-Anne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kogut</surname>
<given-names>Tomasz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pöppl</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schwarz</surname>
<given-names>Roland</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pfennigbauer</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jarząbek-Rychard</surname>
<given-names>Małgorzata</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mandlburger</surname>
<given-names>Gottfried</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-293X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien; 1040 Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH; 3480 Horn, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>RIEGL Research and Defense GmbH; 3480 Horn, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W6-2025</volume>
<fpage>191</fpage>
<lpage>197</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Jan Rhomberg-Kauert et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/191/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-191-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/191/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-191-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/191/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-191-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/191/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-191-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In order to provide proof of consistent quality, survey systems, acquisition methods, and procedures for analyzing the resulting data are subject to regular validation. One method of validation is punctual comparison with data for comparison that entitles as reference data. However, as the conditions at the time of data acquisition critically impact each survey, dedicated parallel surveys employing different methods. This can provide insight into discrepancies and relative consistencies, especially for research purposes. In the literature, multiple techniques and sensors have been presented for the acquisition of underwater reference data, such as multi-beam echo sounders, single-beam echo sounders, and different types of pole measurements. Furthermore, bathymetric LiDAR can be deployed from UAVs, helicopters, and aircraft, each entailing specific data resolution and accuracy. Therefore, this study presents four different bathymetric LiDAR datasets (one UAV, two helicopter and one airplane-based), where for each dataset a different type of reference acquisition approach is used appropriate for the individual water bodies (river, ponds, coastal waters). The results of this comparison display the overall alignment of bathymetric LiDAR and reference data with the highest accuracies for UAV data and pole reference measurements. There, the mean normal distance between the LiDAR data and the reference is 0 cm &amp;plusmn; 2 cm standard deviation. The highest difference was seen for the Baltic sea dataset, where airplane-based data and single-beam echo sounder reference were used. In this dataset, the mean normal distance between the LiDAR data and reference is &amp;minus;5 cm &amp;plusmn; 10 cm standard deviation. In conclusion, the analyzed bathymetric LiDAR datasets show strong consistency with their respective reference measurements, with observed variations primarily influenced by environmental conditions and system configurations.</p>
</abstract>
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