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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-251-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating 3D Gaussian Splatting for Urban Scene Reconstruction</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>Ziyang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yin</surname>
<given-names>Mengrui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shao</surname>
<given-names>Yihua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Remondino</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-5342</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>3D Optical Metrology Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>DISI, University of Trento, Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W6-2025</volume>
<fpage>251</fpage>
<lpage>258</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Ziyang Yan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/251/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-251-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/251/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-251-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/251/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-251-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/251/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-251-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate, detailed and efficient 3D reconstructions of large-scale urban environments are essential for applications such as autonomous driving, urban planning and digital twin construction. Recent advances in 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) have shown remarkable potential in photorealistic novel view synthesis and high-fidelity scene reconstruction, but their applicability to large-scale urban reconstruction remains underexplored and often challenging. In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of 3D Gaussian Splatting techniques applied to urban scale 3D reconstruction. We systematically benchmark GS-based methods on diverse urban datasets, analyzing their performance in terms of scalability, geometric accuracy, rendering quality and computational efficiency. The study aims to bridge the gap between emerging 3DGS research and real-world urban reconstruction requirements, offering insights and guidelines for deploying Gaussian Splatting in practical large-scale scenarios.</p>
</abstract>
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