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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-41-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating Vegetation Indices Across Scales: An Integrated Analysis of PROSPECT-4 Model, Sentinel-2, and Multispectral Drone</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bulan</surname>
<given-names>Jejomar A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cadondon</surname>
<given-names>Jumar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lesidan</surname>
<given-names>James Roy</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6689-4065</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jao</surname>
<given-names>Jazzie R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Galvez</surname>
<given-names>Maria Cecilia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shiina</surname>
<given-names>Tatsuo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Plancherel</surname>
<given-names>Yves</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Verelst</surname>
<given-names>Jochem</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vallar</surname>
<given-names>Edgar A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 1004, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao 5023, Iloilo, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Software Technology, College of Computer Studies, De La Salle University, Manila 1004, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Chiba, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte 6521, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>The Grantham Institute for Climate Change and the Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), Parc Científic, Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W6-2025</volume>
<fpage>41</fpage>
<lpage>45</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Jejomar A. Bulan et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/41/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-41-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/41/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-41-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/41/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-41-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/41/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-41-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The use of Vegetation Indices (VIs) is important in remote sensing for inferring biophysical parameters and monitoring environmental processes. Since VIs are derived from reflectance measurements, the scale and platform of acquisition-satellite, commercial multispectral drone, or simulation model&amp;mdash;can potentially influence their derived values and inter-relationships. This study addresses this influence by presenting a multiscale comparison of four common indices: MPRI, NDVI, NDWI, and OSAVI. Data were sourced from three distinct platforms: Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, high-resolution data acquired via a multispectral drone, and a simulated spectral library generated using the PROSPECT-4 via ARTMO software. The core objective was to assess the consistency of the correlational structure among these VIs across the three scale measurements. Results indicate a statistically significant similarity in the overall correlational pattern of the indices, suggesting that the intrinsic mathematical relationships between these VIs are largely scale-invariant. However, the study identifies a critical need to standardize the data acquisition and processing protocol for drone measurements to match the known consistency of the Sentinel-2 mission and the rigorous parameters of the PROSPECT-4 simulation. This standardization is essential for future multi-sensor integration and calibration efforts.</p>
</abstract>
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