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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-47-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Benchmarking Vectorized Building Footprint Extraction from Very High Resolution Aerial Imagery</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Büyükdemircioğlu</surname>
<given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Malek</surname>
<given-names>Salim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Farella</surname>
<given-names>Elisa Mariarosaria</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kocaman</surname>
<given-names>Sultan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kada</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Remondino</surname>
<given-names>Fabio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-5342</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>3D Optical Metrology (3DOM) Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>GeoPlato Engineering Inc., Bilkent Cyberpark, Ankara 06450, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Berlin, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-1/W6-2025</volume>
<fpage>47</fpage>
<lpage>54</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Mehmet Büyükdemircioğlu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/47/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-47-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/47/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-47-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/47/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-47-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-1-W6-2025/47/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W6-2025-47-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate, topologically consistent building footprints are essential for building reconstruction and GIS applications. But high-resolution orthophotos often contain occlusions (trees, cast shadows, etc.) or dense roof structures that challenge pixel-based segmentation and polygonization. In recent years, Line Segment Detection (LSD) networks have gained popularity as they can directly extract vectorized building footprints. This study benchmarks three line-segment detection (LSD) networks - L-CNN, ULSD, and F-Clip - against a strong semantic segmentation network - DeepLabV3+ - for building footprint extraction from very high resolution orthophotos across multiple regions with varied built-up morphology. Our evaluation on the considered urban areas revealed that LSD approaches generally deliver cleaner boundaries and more reliable roof topology than segmentation methods, whose high pixel scores mask boundary breaks. These findings indicate that when polygonal fidelity and downstream GIS usability are priorities, LSD pipelines could be superior for vectorized building footprint extraction compared to segmentation methods.</p>
</abstract>
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