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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-287-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Development and Deployment of THEIA: A Compact Underwater Multispectral Imaging System</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Spanos</surname>
<given-names>Sotiris</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Antoniou</surname>
<given-names>Christos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ntouskos</surname>
<given-names>Valsamis</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-7802</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mallios</surname>
<given-names>Angelos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nomikou</surname>
<given-names>Paraskevi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-9730</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karantzalos</surname>
<given-names>Konstantinos</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-6245</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Remote Sensing Lab, National Technical University of Athens, Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Engineering and Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Ploa Technology Consultants S.L., Girona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-2/W10-2025</volume>
<fpage>287</fpage>
<lpage>294</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Sotiris Spanos et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/287/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-287-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/287/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-287-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/287/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-287-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-2-W10-2025/287/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W10-2025-287-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We present THEIA, a novel underwater 3D multispectral imaging system. THEIA integrates a 4MP multispectral field array camera and a high-resolution RGB stereo camera pair in a specially built underwater housing to simultaneously capture spectral and depth information. This enables detailed spectral mapping and 3D reconstructions of underwater scenes. High resolution multispectral images are obtained via a Deep Image Prior-based demosaicing algorithm that enhances the multispectral data resolution without relying on external training. Stereo imaging provides depth cues for performing radiance correction. By suitably adapting Gaussian Splat-based 3D reconstruction methods, THEIA generates high-fidelity multispectral 3D models. Successful field trials at the Kolumbo underwater volcano validate the system&amp;rsquo;s reliability and potential for applications in marine science and beyond.</p>
</abstract>
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