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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-583-2024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>AI-based Validation of Deforestation Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery in the Brazilian Amazon</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Zhihao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Zhili</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>Yiqun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Souza Jr.</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Souza Filho</surname>
<given-names>Jailson Soares</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pinheiro</surname>
<given-names>Stefany</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geographical Science, University of Maryland, College Park, United States</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Imazon-Amazonia People and Environment Institute, Belém, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-3-2024</volume>
<fpage>583</fpage>
<lpage>588</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Zhihao Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-3-2024/583/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-583-2024.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-3-2024/583/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-583-2024.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-3-2024/583/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-583-2024.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-3-2024/583/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-3-2024-583-2024.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Forests play an important role in the Earth systems for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation, yet they have been increasingly disturbed by deforestation and forest degradation at an unprecedented pace. The Brazilian Amazon, for instance, experienced a 140% rise in deforestation from 2012 to 2020, with a record loss of 13,200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; between August 2020 and July 2021. Alarmingly, 87% of 2019 deforestation alerts occurred on private properties, with 61% in legally restricted areas. Existing deforestation monitoring systems, such as PRODES and the Global Forest Change dataset, use about 30m resolution satellite imagery, which is insufficient for operational validation at fine scales. The Deforestation Alert System by Imazon leverages high-resolution PlanetScope data (3-4m) but faces challenges due to fewer spectral bands and variations in reflectance values across different satellite sensors and dates. As a result, current validation is based mainly on manual inspection which is highly time-consuming. To address the challenges and automate the validation process, this work develops a system based on deep learning &amp;ndash; known for its ability to capture complex texture patterns in high-resolution images &amp;ndash; to inspect and confirm new deforestation sites. Specifically, the system takes inputs from potential deforestation sites suggested by coarse-resolution products and uses a pair of PlanetScope images before and after the change at each site to determine new deforestation (excluding existing deforestation). Our results demonstrate that the new system achieves robust and high-quality accuracy under various test conditions.</p>
</abstract>
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