Profiling Standards to Improve Practical Interoperability

Abstract. Standard data models are key to enable a set of data integration functionalities, often characterised using the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperabilty and Reusability (FAIR) principles. However, standardisation is a process of trying to meet many requirements, and standard data models are inherently either very abstract or very comprehensive in the details. This results in several ambiguity pitfalls, inconsistent implementation of standard data models, which in turn hinders trust in the interoperability potential of standardised data, and complicates any integration processes. In practice profiling such standards is useful to overcome such issues to create more useful forms of standardised data for specific applications. However defining custom profiles typically requires a great deal of technical expertise in the underlying expression language of the standard. Maintaining access to this level of expertise is a challenge as profiles become outdated through the time and lose connection with the maintenance of the parent standard from which they originate. Therefore, in this paper, a scalable methodology is proposed, built on the OGC Building Blocks Model approach, that uses semantic modelling to support an easier composition of geospatial data models profiles which directly derive from available standards without losing the relevant dependencies that inform stakeholders which components are interoperable with other standards. The approach is tested within a digital building permit project (CHEK), in which data requirements derive from the semantics of city regulations and common geospatial standards (i.e., CityGML and INSPIRE) are used as reference.