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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-613-2024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Efficient Multi-floor Indoor Mapping with A Versatile Rotating LiDAR System</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cong</surname>
<given-names>Yangzi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-5910</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Tianhe</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5818-6264</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Chi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nie</surname>
<given-names>Wenfeng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Bisheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Key Laboratory of Smart Earth, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4-2024</volume>
<fpage>613</fpage>
<lpage>618</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 Yangzi Cong et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-2024/613/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-613-2024.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-2024/613/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-613-2024.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-2024/613/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-613-2024.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-2024/613/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-2024-613-2024.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) technology has provided an impactful way to capture 3D environmental map. However, consistent mapping in sensing-degenerated and perceptually-limited scenes (e.g. multi-story buildings) or under high dynamic sensor motion (e.g. rotating platform) remains a significant challenge. To this end, an efficient multi-floor indoor mapping system is proposed in this paper utilizing a versatile rotating LiDAR platform. In the front end, measurements from motor, IMU and LiDAR are tightly integrated to track the fast motion state of system, based on iterative Error State Kalman Filter (ESKF). Then linear and planar features are extracted from the point cloud map voxelized with adaptive resolutions. A sliding-window-based batch optimization is performed to simultaneously optimize the states of local frames with reference to the map consistency. In the experiments, we investigated the influence of rotating speed on the mapping performance as well as the superiority of rotating mechanism when compared to standard LiDAR setup. Moreover, comparative studies with one of the SOTA work, FAST-LIO2, have shown the competitive mapping results in multi-floor indoor environments.</p>
</abstract>
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