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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Facilitating advanced Sentinel-2 analysis through a simplified computation of Nadir BRDF Adjusted Reflectance</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Montero</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-3286</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mahecha</surname>
<given-names>Miguel D.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3031-613X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aybar</surname>
<given-names>César</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mosig</surname>
<given-names>Clemens</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8662-7698</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wieneke</surname>
<given-names>Sebastian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research (RSC4Earth), Leipzig University, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Earth System Science &amp; Remote Sensing, Leipzig University, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (ScaDS.AI), Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Image Processing Laboratory, Universitat de València, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W12-2024</volume>
<fpage>105</fpage>
<lpage>112</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 David Montero et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W12-2024/105/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W12-2024/105/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W12-2024/105/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W12-2024/105/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W12-2024-105-2024.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The Sentinel-2 (S2) mission from the European Space Agency&amp;rsquo;s Copernicus program provides essential data for Earth surface analysis. Its Level-2A products deliver high-to-medium resolution (10&amp;ndash;60 m) surface reflectance (SR) data through the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI). To enhance the accuracy and comparability of SR data, adjustments simulating a nadir viewing perspective are essential. These corrections address the anisotropic nature of SR and the variability in sun and observation angles, ensuring consistent image comparisons over time and under different conditions. The &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;-factor method, a simple yet effective algorithm, adjusts observed S2 SR by using the MODIS BRDF model to achieve Nadir BRDF Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR). Despite the straightforward application of the c-factor to individual images, a cohesive Python framework for its application across multiple S2 images and Earth System Data Cubes (ESDCs) from cloud-stored data has been lacking. Here we introduce &lt;code&gt;sen2nbar&lt;/code&gt;, a Python package crafted to convert S2 SR data to NBAR, supporting both individual images and ESDCs derived from cloud-stored data. This package simplifies the conversion of S2 SR data to NBAR via a single function, organized into modules for efficient process management. By facilitating NBAR conversion for both SAFE files and ESDCs from SpatioTemporal Asset Catalogs (STAC), &lt;code&gt;sen2nbar&lt;/code&gt; is developed as a flexible tool that can handle diverse data format requirements. We anticipate that &lt;code&gt;sen2nbar&lt;/code&gt; will considerably contribute to the standardization and harmonization of S2 data, offering a robust solution for a diverse range of users across various applications. &lt;code&gt;sen2nbar&lt;/code&gt; is an open-source tool available at &lt;code&gt;https://github.com/ESDS-Leipzig/sen2nbar&lt;/code&gt;.</p>
</abstract>
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