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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W14-2025-415-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Semantic Large Language Model for Project Evaluation of Surveying-and-Mapping geographic-information Standards</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Ying</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Fan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>National Geomatics Center of China, 100036 Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Liaoning Technical University, 123000 Fuxin, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>26</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W14-2025</volume>
<fpage>415</fpage>
<lpage>419</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Ying Zhang</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W14-2025/415/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W14-2025-415-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W14-2025/415/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W14-2025-415-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W14-2025/415/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W14-2025-415-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W14-2025/415/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W14-2025-415-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The approval of new surveying-and-mapping geographic-information standards still depends largely on manual checks for duplication and novelty, which leads to slow and sometimes inconsistent decisions. We propose an intelligent evaluation framework powered by a large language model to streamline this process. The system combines domain-adaptive pre-training, contrastive learning for semantic similarity, and a dual-tower cross-attention network for novelty assessment, all integrated within a human-in-the-loop feedback loop. Experiments on real-world review data show that the domain-adapted encoder captures specialised terminology more effectively than generic baselines, while the downstream classifier delivers markedly higher precision and recall. Deployed with a FAISS index, the system responds in tens of milliseconds per query and shortens the overall review cycle from weeks to days, providing experts with ranked precedent standards, automated rejection alerts and clause-level explanations. The framework demonstrates the practical value of large language models for modernising standard-governance workflows and can be readily transferred to other regulatory domains.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="5"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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