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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W15-2025-135-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An OGC API–Based Framework for Scalable and Interoperable Urban Digital Twin Ecosystems: Insights from the OGC Urban Digital Twins Interoperability Pilot</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Santhanavanich</surname>
<given-names>Thunyathep</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-7000</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Padsala</surname>
<given-names>Rushikesh</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-8443</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coors</surname>
<given-names>Volker</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Center for Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences (HFT Stuttgart), Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1515 St. Catherine St. West Montreal, QC, H3G 2W1, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W15-2025</volume>
<fpage>135</fpage>
<lpage>140</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Thunyathep Santhanavanich et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W15-2025/135/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W15-2025-135-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W15-2025/135/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W15-2025-135-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W15-2025/135/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W15-2025-135-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W15-2025/135/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W15-2025-135-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban Digital Twins are powerful tools designed to replicate and analyze the dynamics of urban environments, supporting more informed planning, management, and decision-making. However, their development is often challenged by issues in data interoperability, system integration, and scalability. This paper explores the pivotal role and technical implementation of new-generation Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) APIs&amp;mdash;Features, 3D GeoVolumes, Tiles, and SensorThings&amp;mdash;in fostering seamless, lightweight, and scalable data exchange to overcome these barriers. These modern, RESTful APIs surpass older standards like WFS and WMS by simplifying integration and enhancing compatibility with diverse data sources, such as 3D city models in CityGML, IoT sensor data, and geo-referenced imagery. Through the OGC Urban Digital Twin Interoperability Pilot (UDTIP), the paper illustrates the practical application of these APIs in two use cases: urban traffic noise modeling and Geo-AI analysis. By integrating 3D city models, traffic profiles, sensor data, and imagery, UDTIP enables noise simulation and advanced tasks like object detection and road surface classification. Its modular architecture supports efficient data exchange across vector, raster, sensor, and training datasets, leading to impactful geovisualizations powered by CesiumJS, which renders noise patterns and urban features as 3D Tiles and point clouds. By harnessing OGC standards in the UDTIP, our OGC API powered data integration and visualization framework establishes a robust, interoperable framework for scalable UDTs, delivering actionable insights for urban planning and management while promoting standardized, future-ready digital twin solutions.</p>
</abstract>
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