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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-123-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Sentinel-2 Imagery through Deep Learning and Generative Adversarial Networks: GS-SRGAN</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Farah</surname>
<given-names>Saad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Saadaoui</surname>
<given-names>Hachem</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lechgar</surname>
<given-names>Hatim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maanan</surname>
<given-names>Mehdi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maanan</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rghioui</surname>
<given-names>Anass</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rhinane</surname>
<given-names>Hassan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>LaGeS-SGEO Laboratory, Hassania School of Public Works, Casablanca, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Geoscience Laboratory, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>UMR 6554 CNRS LETG-Nantes Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Planning, Nantes University,44312 Nantes, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W17-2025</volume>
<fpage>123</fpage>
<lpage>134</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Saad Farah et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/123/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-123-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/123/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-123-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/123/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-123-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/123/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-123-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Sentinel-2 satellites provide multi-spectral images with 13 bands at resolutions of 10, 20, and 60 m/pixel, widely used for various applications due to their cost-free access and high revisit frequency. Their open data policy has made them a key resource in remote sensing. Nonetheless, the growing need for high-resolution images has highlighted the significance of super-resolution technology (SR), which improves spatial detail through enhanced sensor precision and density. Deep learning techniques are an effective solution for enhancing Sentinel-2 images through super-resolution, improving low-resolution images by retrieving fine-grained high- frequency details. This results in high-resolution outputs from freely available data. In this research, we propose an enhancement of single-image resolution model derived from a Generative Adversarial Network, commonly abbreviated as GAN. We implemented and trained a model, named &lt;strong&gt;GS-SRGAN&lt;/strong&gt; (Google Sentinel - SRGAN), built on the foundation of the Super-Resolution GAN model (SRGAN), using pairs of Google Earth and Sentinel-2 images for generating super-resolved outputs of the RGB bands from the multispectral Sentinel-2 data using a 4x scaling factor. The results from our &lt;strong&gt;GS-SRGAN&lt;/strong&gt; model surpass those of current best in class models when evaluated using standard metrics such as SSIM (Structural Similarity Index) and PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), enabling the super-resolved Sentinel-2 imagery for use in studies that demand very high spatial resolution.</p>
</abstract>
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