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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-215-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Evaluating the Accuracy and Completeness of the 3D Building Model from Laplacian Method of Point Cloud Data Fusion</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mutiarasari</surname>
<given-names>Wahyu Marta</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9095-4893</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdul Rahman</surname>
<given-names>Muhammad Zulkarnain</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abdul Rahman</surname>
<given-names>Alias</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5263-8266</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Buyuksalih</surname>
<given-names>Gurcan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>3D GIS Research Lab, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W17-2025</volume>
<fpage>215</fpage>
<lpage>220</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Wahyu Marta Mutiarasari et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/215/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-215-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/215/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-215-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/215/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-215-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/215/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-215-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>LiDAR and photogrammetry technologies generate point clouds that serve as a vital source of high-resolution spatial data for accurately reconstructing 3D building models. Along with these advancements, challenges such as occlusions and inconsistencies within individual datasets often lead to incomplete models, resulting in missing structural elements of the building, such as roof sections. The integration methods of multiple point cloud, known as data fusion, enhances data accuracy and completeness by complementing each dataset and addressing these issues. Among these techniques, Iterative Closest Point (ICP) is widely employed for point cloud registration, yet it does not fully eliminate gaps and redundancies. To overcome these limitations, the Laplacian method has been introduced, to refine alignment between point clouds, significantly enhancing overall accuracy and completeness. Despite advancements in point cloud fusion, evaluating the accuracy and completeness of the resulting models remains crucial to ensure their reliability and applicability. Research has shown that higher accuracy and greater point cloud density lead to improved reconstruction quality. This study focuses on evaluating the accuracy and completeness of 3D building models generated through point cloud fusion. Evaluation of the quality of 3D building models involves both qualitative methods, such as visual inspection, and quantitative metrics to measure geometric accuracy and structural integrity. The findings provide valuable insights into the reliability of current modelling techniques, contributing to quality control improvements and advancements in 3D reconstruction methodologies.</p>
</abstract>
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