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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-353-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Advanced Wetland Mapping with GEE and Sentinel Imagery: A Tool for Conservation of the Sidi Moussa Oualidia Complex</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zerrouk</surname>
<given-names>Marwa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ait El Kadi</surname>
<given-names>Kenza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sebari</surname>
<given-names>Imane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fellahi</surname>
<given-names>Siham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W17-2025</volume>
<fpage>353</fpage>
<lpage>359</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Marwa Zerrouk et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/353/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-353-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/353/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-353-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/353/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-353-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/353/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-353-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Wetlands are considered among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, as they shelter a diversity of species and maintain ecological balance. However, their ongoing degradation threatens biodiversity and ecosystems, underscoring the need for regular and long-term monitoring. The Sidi Moussa Oualidia wetland complex, a Ramsar site in Morocco, is a critical habitat for migratory birds and an invaluable ecological resource known for its complex landscape patterns. In this study, we present a framework in Google Earth Engine (GEE) that fuses optical, radar, texture, and terrain data with both pixel- and object-based classification to map and classify wetlands at 10 m resolution. We first generate a cloud-free Sentinel-2 composite using Scene Classification masking and pansharpen the 20 m SWIR band (B11) to 10 m, enabling precise computation of NDWI, MNDWI, and GLCM texture indices. A Sentinel-1 VV/VH ratio and SRTM-derived slope are added to the stack. A pixel-level Random Forest (RF) classifier is trained on stratified samples to produce an initial map. We then segment the RGB composite into superpixels via Simple Non-Iterative Clustering (SNIC) and assign each superpixel its majority RF class, smoothing speckle and salt-and-pepper noise while preserving ecologically meaningful object boundaries. Validation against ground truth points yields an overall accuracy of 94 % and a Kappa of 0.91&amp;mdash;an 8 % improvement over pixel-only results. Our first-of-its-kind approach in Morocco, designed to capture the complex spatial patterns of heterogeneous wetland environments, provides a promising solution for operational wetland monitoring and supports informed spatial decision-making in water resource management and ecological conservation.</p>
</abstract>
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