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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-379-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Towards a Digital Temporal Thermal Comfort Model: Integrating Field Measurements and Geospatial Analysis for Urban Microclimate Assessment in Rabat, Morocco</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Delasse</surname>
<given-names>Chaimaa</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3850-4290</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hajji</surname>
<given-names>Rafika</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Landes</surname>
<given-names>Tania</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Macher</surname>
<given-names>Hélène</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2686-0864</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kastendeuch</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Najjar</surname>
<given-names>Georges</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>College of Geomatic Sciences and Surveying Engineering, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV), Rabat 6202, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Strasbourg, INSA Strasbourg, CNRS, ICUBE UMR 7357 Laboratory, TRIO Team, 67000 Strasbourg, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Geography and Planning, CNRS, ICUBE UMR 7357 Laboratory, TRIO Team, 67000 Strasbourg, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W17-2025</volume>
<fpage>379</fpage>
<lpage>386</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Chaimaa Delasse et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/379/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-379-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/379/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-379-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/379/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-379-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W17-2025/379/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W17-2025-379-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban environments face increasing challenges related to thermal discomfort and heat stress due to climate change and rapid urbanization. This study presents a methodology for developing a 4D digital thermal comfort model by integrating time-series pedestrian-level microclimate measurements with a 3D urban model. A mobile field campaign in Rabat, Morocco, collected air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and black globe temperature at 22 sampling points over 9 summer days. These measurements were used to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). A detailed 3D urban model was created from laser scanning data, featuring Level of Detail 3 (LoD3) for buildings and trees of interest. UTCI point measurements were spatially interpolated using Empirical Bayesian Kriging 3D combined with shading analysis. The interpolated hourly 3D UTCI maps were combined into a voxel dataset through an automated Python workflow, enabling dynamic visualization of thermal comfort evolution. Results revealed distinct diurnal patterns with UTCI values ranging from 17&amp;deg;C (no thermal stress) to 43&amp;deg;C (very strong heat stress), with relatively consistent spatial patterns. Vegetation demonstrated significant cooling effects, with broad-canopied species providing 3-5&amp;deg;C UTCI reduction compared to unshaded areas, while tall palm trees offered minimal cooling, as expected. Interestingly, some vegetation areas exhibited complex thermal behaviour, appearing slightly warmer during morning and evening periods. The approach provides insights into the temporal dynamics of pedestrian-level thermal comfort, establishing a promising foundation for climate-responsive urban planning interventions in Moroccan cities.</p>
</abstract>
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