GeoAI Applications in Smart Cities: A Systematic Review on Transportation, Building Models, and Navigation

Abstract. The concept of smart cities aims to create more efficient, sustainable and liveable urban environments by integrating information and communication technologies. In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with geospatial data, known as geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI), has emerged as a pivotal catalyst for smart city initiatives. GeoAI has become as a transformative force in the context of smart cities, revolutionising the analysis, design and management of urban environments. By integrating AI and geographic information systems (GIS), it processes and analyses spatial data, informing decisions in various domains such as urban planning, public health, transportation management, and environmental monitoring. This study presents a systematic review of GEOAI applications in the smart cities concept between 2019 and 2024, focusing on the following topics: (1) smart transportation systems, (2) 3D building models and indoor navigation, (3) open data platforms and urban analytics, and (4) web-based interactive data visualisation.