<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W19-2025-85-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Improvement of Deep-Learning Algorithms for Disease Detection: The Case of Cerebral Hemorrhage</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Madama</surname>
<given-names>Lail Dauris</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nassih</surname>
<given-names>Bouchra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Amine</surname>
<given-names>Aouatif</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Economics and Management, Ibn Tofail University, B.P. 241, university campus, Kenitra, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Engineering Sciences Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W19-2025</volume>
<fpage>85</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Lail Dauris Madama et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W19-2025/85/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W19-2025-85-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W19-2025/85/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W19-2025-85-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W19-2025/85/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W19-2025-85-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W19-2025/85/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W19-2025-85-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Cerebral haemorrhage is a serious condition and a major public health issue that requires immediate and accurate care to guide doctors in their treatment decisions. This study developed three deep learning models to accurately identify and classify images of haemorrhages based on normal brain images from computed tomography (CT) scans. These models include two pre-trained models (VGG16 and VGG19) and a custom convolutional neural network (CNN). Due to the severe effects of this disease (paralysis, disability, long-term death) and the challenge of identifying and interpreting it for healthcare professionals, the research considered using these models with a dataset comprising two classes: haemorrhagic and normal. The three models were tested under the same conditions, and the results demonstrated each model&apos;s ability to generate data. VGG19 showed 99.8% accuracy, 3% loss, 99% detection and classification capability, and 99% sensitivity. The pre-trained VGG16 model generated an accuracy of 99.7%, an estimated error margin of 30%, a detection capacity rated at 99% and a sensitivity of 98%. The custom CNN model performed the worst, with an accuracy of 89%, an error rate of 88%, a recall of 91% and a lower sensitivity level estimated at 84%. The VGG19 approach performed better than the other models.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>