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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W20-2025-95-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Scalable Open-Source System for Impervious Land Mapping Using GRASS and the Python Ecosystem</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Žagar</surname>
<given-names>Tomaž</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mangafić</surname>
<given-names>Alen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-5969</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geodetic Instiutute of Slovenia, Jamova cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W20-2025</volume>
<fpage>95</fpage>
<lpage>100</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Tomaž Žagar</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W20-2025/95/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W20-2025-95-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W20-2025/95/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W20-2025-95-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W20-2025/95/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W20-2025-95-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W20-2025/95/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W20-2025-95-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This paper presents a scalable open-source system for national-level impervious-surface mapping and monitoring that combines GRASS, HDF5 and Python-based machine-learning libraries. Continuous Sentinel-2 multispectral monitoring is paired with targeted very high resolution (VHR) orthophoto segmentation to efficiently detect and delineate land transformation. Sentinel-2 imagery is retrieved from the Microsoft Planetary Computer, organized into a GRASS space-time raster dataset and classified using TorchGeo models fine-tuned on the EuroSAT dataset. Persistent transitions toward impervious-related classes identify disturbance candidates, and these areas trigger semantic segmentation of corresponding orthophoto tiles using GPU-accelerated Random Forests in RAPIDS cuML. The resulting outputs are vectorized, enriched with registry data and disseminated through spatial database services.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Applied to Slovenia for the 2020&amp;ndash;2025 period, the system detected 99 km&amp;sup2; of new impervious surfaces across a 20,271 km&amp;sup2; study area, corresponding to 0.5 % land transformation (0.1 % annually). These results demonstrate that integrating continuous multispectral time-series analysis with event-driven VHR segmentation provides an efficient, reproducible and high-detail approach for operational land-change detection and environmental assessment.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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