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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-439-2023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>EVALUATING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING (TLS) FOR HARD AND SOFT LANDSCAPE MAPPING</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andrew</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Azmy</surname>
<given-names>S. N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Majid</surname>
<given-names>Z.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Geoscience and Digital Earth Centre (INSTEG), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Tropical Map Resources Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W6-2022</volume>
<fpage>439</fpage>
<lpage>444</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2023 O. Andrew et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W6-2022/439/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-439-2023.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W6-2022/439/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-439-2023.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W6-2022/439/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-439-2023.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W6-2022/439/2023/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W6-2022-439-2023.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Landscape mapping is concerned with space planning whereby it emphasized space use in terms of function, mobility space, social space, and also ecological space. To plan this space design to reflect its purpose, initial data collection is critically needed. Depending on the site&apos;s characteristics such as hard and soft landscape features, collecting all of this data will be tedious and time-consuming. This research aims to employ Terrestrial Laser Scanning to iteratively approach landscape mapping and provide a landscape map architectural standard. In this research, by adapting Terrestrial Laser Scanning, a geomatic instrument that enables surveyors to immediately deliver accurate terrain relief mapping, technical structural assessments will be utilized to scan a diverse terrain, with a particular emphasis on hard and soft landscapes. The method of data acquisition for Terrestrial Laser Scanning was the traverse method, with that location-specific data will then be processed to generate a 3D point cloud model with georeferenced and transform it into 2D hard and soft landscape mapping. Then, a comparison will be made between the landscape map created from this research and the conventional landscape architecture approach. As a result of the data validation, it shows that Terrestrial Laser Scanning can provide high accuracy data in terms of northing, easting, and heights. Moreover, it can be concluded that there are numerous advantages to providing efficient information and an accurate representation of the site in a 3D model/point cloud, which enables landscape designers or architects to design a landscape map to their fullest potential in terms of creativity, landscape placement strategies, and as-built survey for maintenance updates. In addition, promote the development of more efficient landscape mapping techniques.</p>
</abstract>
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