3D GIS PARTICIPATORY MAPPING AND CONFLICT LADM: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LAND POLICIES AND SURVEY PROCEDURES APPLIED BY THE IGOROTS, NCIP, AND DENR TO ITOGON ANCESTRAL DOMAIN BOUNDARIES

Abstract. Based on the 2015 census, the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) population in the Philippines is estimated to range from 11.3 to 20.2 million. Spanning diverse regions with unique cultures, these communities face common challenges related to territorial disputes. Itogon, the largest municipality in Benguet, is the ancestral home of the Ibaloi, Kankanaey, and other Igorot tribes. Despite possessing three Ancestral Domains (ADs), Itogon is predominantly classified as timberland, exposing inconsistencies in national laws and jurisdiction. This study examines land policies and surveying procedures employed by the Igorots, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in mapping Itogon's AD Boundaries. It aims to identify conflicts in land boundary delineation, propose surveying guidelines, and advocate for 3D Participatory Mapping as a geomatics solution for updated AD reference maps. Three methodologies were used: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), Comparative Legal Analysis (CLA), and Map Overlay Analysis (MOA). IPA revealed key themes, including AD Definition, AD Overlaps, and Other Conflicts, pertinent to AD mapping. CLA delved into conflicting surveying procedures, such as AD Definitions, Surveying Equipment, Methods, and more. MOA highlighted the land area percentage affected by misaligned surveying procedures. The study presents its findings through a Conflict Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for AD versus AD and Political Boundaries. These can serve as references for revising survey manuals, updating AD Sustainable Development and Protection Plans, and making amendments to laws, all aimed at promoting indigenous land rights and sustainable development.