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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>SUPERVISED IMAGE CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR CORAL BLEACHING DETECTION USING A BI-TEMPORAL SENTINEL-2 IMAGE STACK</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Narciso</surname>
<given-names>G. A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tamondong</surname>
<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blanco</surname>
<given-names>A. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nakamura</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nadaoka</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geodetic Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Space Information Infrastructure Bureau, Philippine Space Agency, Quezon City 1101, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>25</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-4/W8-2023</volume>
<fpage>395</fpage>
<lpage>401</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2024 G. A. M. Narciso et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W8-2023/395/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W8-2023/395/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W8-2023/395/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-4-W8-2023/395/2024/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-395-2024.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Coral reefs are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to coastal and land-based anthropogenic factors. Aside from sudden increase in sea temperatures, external factors such as local and regional disturbances are found to influence coral reef environments which often lead to bleaching events. According to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020 report, from 2009 to 2018, there has been a progressive loss of live corals at the global level which may be attributed to the increasing anthropogenic activities (Souter et al., 2021). Due to coral&amp;rsquo;s sensitivity to environmental stressors, it is significantly considered as an indicator for global climate conditions. In this regard, this study developed a remote sensing change detection technique to segment coral bleaching from satellite images. Using a bi-temporal image stack composed of Sentinel-2 images showing pre and post bleaching, a machine learning classification model was developed to capture typologies of changes visible between the two images which included bleaching. Random Forest (RF) algorithm was employed to classify changes. This model obtained overall accuracies and kappa statistics of 0.97 and 0.94 respectively with minimum consumer and producer accuracy of 0.91. Moreover, the identified changes showed 78% agreement with the &lt;em&gt;in-situ&lt;/em&gt; data composed of 31 monitoring stations distributed around Sekisei Lagoon, Okinawa, Japan. This study demonstrated a promising potential of machine learning for change detection for coral bleaching monitoring.</p>
</abstract>
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