<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-W4-2025-207-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Measuring Ground Subsidence Rate in Bulacan and Pampanga Delta using Geodetic Techniques</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Reyes</surname>
<given-names>Rosalie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Minderhoud</surname>
<given-names>Philip</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-5931</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maclang</surname>
<given-names>John Dave</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Narca</surname>
<given-names>Alexi Mae</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geodetic Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Wageningen University, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-5/W4-2025</volume>
<fpage>207</fpage>
<lpage>212</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Rosalie Reyes et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-5-W4-2025/207/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-W4-2025-207-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-5-W4-2025/207/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-W4-2025-207-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-5-W4-2025/207/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-W4-2025-207-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-5-W4-2025/207/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-5-W4-2025-207-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Based on the map produced from Sentinel-1 images using Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR), the Pampanga River basin is undergoing ground subsidence. Ground measurements using geodetic techniques such as differential levelling and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) levelling can validate the deformation map. Several ground control points (GCPs) established previously were re-occupied by GNSS receivers. The results indicate similar trend i.e. land subsiding. Only 3 BMs were found in Bulacan and were given new elevations during the levelling campaign in 2021. The differences of the old and new values also indicate downtrend. Six (6) low-cost GNSS monitoring stations were installed in areas where subsidence rates are high based on the SAR deformation map to monitor the ongoing land subsidence. The initial results from 4 out of 6 GNSS monitoring stations for the 3-month observations showed a downtrend indicating land subsidence is occurring in the area.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>