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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-1777-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Zero-shot building footprint extraction and regularization based on Segment Anything model with Mesh Model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhong</surname>
<given-names>Jiachen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Yongjun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Xinyi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-8054</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Jinming</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fei</surname>
<given-names>Liang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xia</surname>
<given-names>Wang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Bin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fan</surname>
<given-names>Weiwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yue</surname>
<given-names>Dongdong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Technology Innovation Center for Collaborative Applications of Natural Resources Data in GBA, Ministry of Natural Resources, 510075, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd., 430063, Wuhan, Hubei, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-G-2025</volume>
<fpage>1777</fpage>
<lpage>1783</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Jiachen Zhong et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/1777/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-1777-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/1777/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-1777-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/1777/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-1777-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/1777/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-1777-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>With the advancement of urbanization, building footprint data plays an important role in urban planning, 3D Real Scene and smart cities. Traditional manual contouring methods are time-consuming and laborious, while deep learning-based building extraction methods often require a large amount of labeled data and have limited generalization ability. In this paper, a zero-shot framework based on Segment Anything Model (SAM) is proposed for extracting and regularing building footprints from 3D mesh data. The method mainly consists of three steps: 1) Coarse Prompt Generation, irrelevant element&amp;rsquo;s masks such as ground and vegetation are eliminated by semi-global filtering and traditional classification method, and rough building mask is obtained as a boundary box prompt. 2) Fine mask generation: Using SAM&apos;s mask prompt capability, combined with logits map and grid elevation information with adaptive threshold to generate the fine mask prompt. Combine it with the updated bounding box to form hybrid prompt, and input SAM to generate a refined building mask. 3) Footprint regularization: Kinetic Partition, Markov random field, and Region Growth Algorithm are used to extract regularized building contours. Structural line segments from LSD guide the Kinetic Partitioning of the building. Markov random field matches building labels, while a region growth-based boundary reassignment refines the contours. The final regularized contour integrates the partitioned building zones. Our method achieved 78.31% AP50 on the Vaihingen dataset and obtained regular footprints that closely align with the true building contours on real Mesh data.</p>
</abstract>
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