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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-31-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Conceptual Framework for Updating Urban Infrastructure in City Digital Twins</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Acharya</surname>
<given-names>Debaditya</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6704-5778</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Daping</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wachowicz</surname>
<given-names>Monica</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Min</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Wenzhong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zlatanova</surname>
<given-names>Sisi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8766-0487</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Geospatial Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>LSGI, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>GRID, Built Environment, UNSW, Sydney, 2033, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-G-2025</volume>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Debaditya Acharya et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/31/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-31-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/31/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-31-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/31/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-31-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/31/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-31-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This work presents a conceptual framework for updating urban infrastructure by separating the update process into two loops, the data loop and the application loop. The key aspect of the data loop is intelligent change detection followed by validation strategies to maintain an up-to-date catalogue of city infrastructure. The updated catalogue can subsequently utilised to create user-centric digital twins. The advantages of using such a framework are presented, in addition to discussing the challenges and their possible solutions. Further, the scope of integrating advanced change detection approaches, new data structures such as Knowledge Graphs and Voxels, and AI methods such as the recent Large Language Models (LLM) and Continual Learning are discussed.</p>
</abstract>
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