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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-611-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tree Top Detection in UAV Data: Evaluating Accuracy of Different Estimation Techniques</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hosingholizade</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Erfanifard</surname>
<given-names>Yousef</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alavipanah</surname>
<given-names>Seyed Kazem</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>García Millan</surname>
<given-names>Virginia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pirasteh</surname>
<given-names>Saied</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arslan</surname>
<given-names>Ali Nadir</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1256-0163</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>IDEAS NCBR sp. z o.o., Ul. Chmielna 69, 00-801 Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Dept. of Computer Science and Programming Languages, School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaoxing University, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geotechnics and Geomatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Arctic Space Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>School of Technology and Innovations, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-G-2025</volume>
<fpage>611</fpage>
<lpage>617</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Ali Hosingholizade et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/611/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-611-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/611/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-611-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/611/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-611-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/611/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-611-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The tree top point position is important for calculating many parameters and supporting various geometry and analyses. This study compares four methods, i.e., Local Maxima (LM), Template Matching (TM), Top Point Without Slope (TPWS) correction, and Top Point with Slope (TPS) correction, to estimate the tree top point position of Pinus eldarica using UAV-acquired RGB imagery (2 cm ground sampling distance) and high-density point clouds (1.27 points/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). The LM, and the TM methods are applied for estimating tree top point positions. The TPWS method uses the tree&apos;s shadow on terrain without slope correction, and finally, the fourth method uses the tree&apos;s shadow on the terrain with slope correction. Results were compared against Field Tree Top (FTT) point measurements. Findings reveal that LM and TPS were the most effective. LM provided the most accurate results overall, with a relative root-mean-square error (RRMSE) of 1.08, a mean error (ME) of 0.97, and a bias score (BS) of 0.23. Estimating the tree top point position with LM showed strong correlations (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.94) with FTT position. This study underscores the value of LM and TPS methods for precise tree top point position estimation, highlighting the need for future research into the estimation of tree top point position methods.</p>
</abstract>
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</front>
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