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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-797-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Automated LoD-3 Reconstruction Using Oblique UAV Images</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>Han Sae</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carpenter</surname>
<given-names>Joshua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jung</surname>
<given-names>Jinha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Lyles School of Civil and Construction Engineering, Purdue University, 550 West Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-G-2025</volume>
<fpage>797</fpage>
<lpage>804</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Han Sae Kim et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/797/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-797-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/797/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-797-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/797/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-797-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/797/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-797-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Urban modeling has increasingly gathered attention for urban resilience simulation studies. However, existing methodologies often fall short in reconstructing detailed building facades necessary for Level of Detail (LoD) 3 modeling. This study presents an automated LoD-3 reconstruction framework using oblique UAV images, which remains underexplored for efficient and scalable LoD-3 reconstruction. The proposed method integrates photogrammetry-based processing with deep learning-based window detection. Our approach consists of extracting roof structures, generating simulated facade images, detecting windows , and mesh intersections. Based on the photogrammetry, cameras are simulated to generate facade images of buildings. The YOLOv5-based window detection is followed using these simulated images. A ray-mesh intersection algorithm is implemented by projecting detected bounding boxes of windows onto the reconstructed LoD-2 model. The final LoD-3 model is exported in CityJSON format for seamless integration into urban simulation applications. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach shows the feasibility of an efficient and scalable solution for large-scale LoD-3 reconstructions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
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