<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-839-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Open Source Deep Learning Solutions for the Classification of MMS Urban 3D Data</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>La Guardia</surname>
<given-names>Marcello</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0984-1271</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Masiero</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-2815</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bonora</surname>
<given-names>Valentina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alessandrini</surname>
<given-names>Adriano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Interdepartmental Research Center of Geomatics (CIRGEO), University of Padua, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padua, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>29</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-G-2025</volume>
<fpage>839</fpage>
<lpage>844</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Marcello La Guardia et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/839/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-839-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/839/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-839-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/839/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-839-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-G-2025/839/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-G-2025-839-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Recent efforts on geospatial data processing showed a good potential for machine learning, particularly deep learning, tools in the automatic semantic interpretation of a 3D scene. Machine understanding of the surrounding environment is of great importance for several applications, including in particular the development of effective autonomous vehicles. Focusing on the specific case of autonomous driving vehicles, this work considers the problem of automatic segmentation and classification of urban point clouds. To be more specific, this paper considers a mixed approach, where, once properly removed ground points, 3D data segmentation is based on the Euclidean distance, whereas the classification of objects is based on a two-step procedure: first, PointNet++ is used for an initial soft-classification. Then, classification probabilities outputted by PointNet++ are used in combination with some additional geometric features extracted from the point cloud as inputs for a Random Forest classifier. The proposed approach is tested on a dataset collected in Sesto Fiorentino (Italy), showing quite promising performance. Interestingly, the employed tools are available as open-source software.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="6"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>