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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-10-2025-147-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Spatiotemporal Analysis of Tropospheric Variability Using GNSS Radio Occultation: A Decadal Study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Manikkavasagam</surname>
<given-names>Nithish</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Devaraju</surname>
<given-names>Balaji</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatics Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FL 33431, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP 208016, India</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-M-10-2025</volume>
<fpage>147</fpage>
<lpage>153</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Nithish Manikkavasagam</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-10-2025/147/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-10-2025-147-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-10-2025/147/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-10-2025-147-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-10-2025/147/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-10-2025-147-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-10-2025/147/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-10-2025-147-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) offers a unique means of retrieving vertical atmospheric profiles with high precision and global coverage. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of tropospheric parameters temperature, pressure, and humidity using ten years (2007&amp;ndash;2016) of Level-3 gridded data from the ROM SAF Climate Data Records. The dataset, processed in NetCDF format, was analyzed using multidimensional array tools to extract monthly, seasonal, and anomaly-based trends within the 0&amp;ndash;10 km (troposphere) altitude range and between 40&amp;deg;S and 40&amp;deg;N. Seasonal variations reveal clear hemispheric patterns, with equatorial regions maintaining consistently high values across all parameters. Anomalies indicate that 2016 experienced pronounced warming and increased humidity, while 2008 marked the coldest and driest year in the period studied. Climatological plots confirm a strong dependence of all three parameters on both latitude and altitude, with consistent inversion patterns between hemispheres. By integrating satellite-based atmospheric profiling with spatial and temporal data analysis, this work provides valuable insight into lower atmosphere dynamics and contributes to long-term climate monitoring efforts.</p>
</abstract>
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</article-meta>
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