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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-13-2026-25-2026</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Meteosat Third Generation active fire detection multi-temporal algorithm</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kamoun</surname>
<given-names>Ines</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hessel</surname>
<given-names>Charles</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nenes</surname>
<given-names>Athanasios</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-9970</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Kayrros SAS, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of atmospheric processes and their impacts (LAPI), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE-IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-M-13-2026</volume>
<fpage>25</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Ines Kamoun et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-13-2026/25/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-13-2026-25-2026.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-13-2026/25/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-13-2026-25-2026.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-13-2026/25/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-13-2026-25-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-13-2026/25/2026/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-13-2026-25-2026.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Fire detection and monitoring are essential for mitigating the environmental and societal impacts of wildfire events. Earth Observation (EO) satellites have long played a central role in this domain, with polar-orbiting sensors such as MODIS and VIIRS providing global fire detections twice daily. However, their limited revisit frequency constrains the timeliness of fire alerts. Geostationary satellites, by contrast, offer high temporal resolution through multiple scans per hour, enabling near-real-time fire detection and rapid alerting. Despite this advantage, fire detection algorithms applied to geostationary imagery have predominantly relied on single-timestamp processing, limiting their ability to exploit the full temporal frequency of these observations. In this paper, we propose a multi-temporal approach for active fire detection using data from the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Flexible Combined Imager (FCI). The method first applies multi-temporal cloud masking based on the 10.5 &amp;mu;m thermal infrared band, before implementing a multi-temporal fire detection algorithm inspired by the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) methodology of (Filizzola et al., 2017). To improve detection reliability, a pixel is confirmed as an active fire only after repeated detection across successive timestamps. Compared to the operational single-timestamp MTG FRP-pixel product, the multi-temporal algorithm achieves higher recall with a slight reduction in precision. Additionally, the method demonstrates sensitivity to regional land-use characteristics, excluding persistent industrial heat sources and continuous gas flaring from fire detections. Finally, the algorithm retrieves Fire Radiative Power (FRP) estimates with associated uncertainty bounds, yielding an average uncertainty window of approximately 4.5 MW.</p>
</abstract>
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