<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ISPRS-Archives</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2194-9034</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-6-2025-23-2025</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Comparative Analysis of Vision Foundation Models For Building Segmentation in Aerial Imagery</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Akbulut</surname>
<given-names>Zeynep</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Özdemir</surname>
<given-names>Samed</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karslı</surname>
<given-names>Fevzi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Gumushane University, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Gumushane, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Trabzon, Türkiye</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>XLVIII-M-6-2025</volume>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>29</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Zeynep Akbulut et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-6-2025/23/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-6-2025-23-2025.html">This article is available from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-6-2025/23/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-6-2025-23-2025.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-6-2025/23/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-6-2025-23-2025.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org/articles/XLVIII-M-6-2025/23/2025/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-6-2025-23-2025.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Visual Foundation Models (VFMs) demonstrate impressive generalization capabilities for image segmentation and classification tasks, leading to their increasing adoption in the remote sensing field. This study investigates the performance of VFMs in zero-shot building segmentation from aerial imagery using two model pipelines: Grounded-SAM and SAM+CLIP. Grounded-SAM integrates the Grounding DINO backbone with a Segment Anything Model (SAM) while SAM+CLIP first employs SAM for generating masks followed by Contrastive Language Image Pretraining (CLIP) for classification. The evaluation, performed on the WHU building dataset using Precision, Recall, F1 score, and intersection over union (IoU) metrics, revealed that Grounded-SAM achieved F1-score of 0.83 and IoU of 0.71. SAM+CLIP achieved F1-score of 0.65 and IoU of 0.49. While Grounded-SAM excelled at accurately delineating partially occluded and irregularly shaped buildings, SAM+CLIP was able to segment larger buildings but struggled with delineating smaller ones. Given the impressive performance of VFMs in zero-shot building segmentation, future efforts aimed at refining these models through fine-tuning or few-shot learning could significantly expand their application in remote sensing.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="7"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>