Implementing 3D Augmented Reality for Increasing Public Outreach of Majapahit Archeological Sites

Abstract. Cultural heritage sites, such as historical buildings and monuments, hold significant artistic, cultural, and historical value which necessitates preservation. This study explores the integration of 3D modelling and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies to digitally document and promote public engagement with heritage sites. Employing both laser scanning and photogrammetry, the research aims to develop accurate and photorealistic 3D models of key archaeological structures from the Majapahit era located in Trowulan, Indonesia—specifically Bajang Ratu, Wringin Lawang, and Brahu. Laser scanning demonstrates superior geometric accuracy and spatial completeness, producing denser point clouds and more detailed meshes, which are essential for precise documentation, restoration planning, and structural analysis. Photogrammetry, while offering lower geometric resolution, excels in capturing high-quality surface textures, making it more suitable for visual representation, public engagement, and AR applications. The findings highlight the benefits of a hybrid approach that combines laser scanning’s spatial precision with photogrammetry’s visual realism. This AR experience, when paired with a printed archaeological site map, allows users to interact with the digital reconstructions, enhancing historical understanding and accessibility. Furthermore, this research contributes to digital conservation efforts and innovative historical learning methods for Indonesian cultural heritage.