HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE-BORNE LIDARS

Abstract. LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a laser altimeter system that determines the distance by measuring pulse travel time. The data from the LIDAR systems provide unique information on the vertical structure of land covers. Compared to ground-based and airborne LIDARs providing a high-resolution digital surface model, space-borne LIDARs can provide important information about the vertical profile of the atmosphere in a global scale. The overall objective of these satellites is to study the elevation changes and the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosols. In this paper an overview on the space-borne laser scanner satellites are accomplished and their applications are introduced. The first space-borne LIDAR is the ICESat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite) satellite carrying the GLAS instrument which was launched in January 2003. The CALIPSO (the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, 2006), CATS-ISS (the Cloud-Aerosol Transport System, 2015), ADM-Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission, 2018), and ICESat-2 (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2, 2018) satellites were respectively lunched and began to receive information about the vertical structure of the atmosphere and land cover. In addition, two ACE (The Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosystems, 2022) and EarthCARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer, 2021) space-borne satellites were planned for future. The data of the satellites are increasingly utilized to improve the numerical weather predictions (NWP) and climate modeling.