AN EVALUATION OF SOLID-STATE LIDAR FOR LOCALIZATION AND HD POINT CLOUD MAPPING

Abstract. Cost-effective navigation and positioning systems for autonomous vehicles has become a key focus of research in recent years. Having an accurate position within a lane is vital to enabling high levels of automation and improving safety. Traditionally, vehicle navigation and positioning systems have relied heavily on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), particularly in open-sky scenarios. However, GNSS signals can be easily disrupted by environmental interferences. These include phenomena such as urban canyons, which result from multi-path interferences, as well as challenges posed by Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) situations. In the pursuit of developing robust systems resilient to such issues, the concept of sensor fusion has been widely employed. Among all sensors used in commercial self-driving vehicles, mechanical LiDAR is the primary sensor. Utilizing point cloud data from LiDAR and registering it with a prior point cloud map can result in highly accurate position results. However, the high cost of mechanical LiDAR has limited the mass production of point cloud map and autonomous vehicle. In this paper, we evaluate several successful Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) architectures from LiDAR-based to LiDAR-Inertial-based using single Solid-State LiDAR (SSL). Last, we proposed a single SSL mapping and localization framework that can achieve 36 centimeters 3D RMSE and 0.5 degree accuracy in heading estimation.