Optimized Development of Seismic Networks through High-Rate GNSS Observations

Abstract. While seismic monitoring networks play a fundamental role in earthquake observation, their development shall not be restricted to increasing the number of recording stations. In contrast, network enhancement has to take into account the scientific objectives, seismic hazard levels, available resources, and operational feasibility. High-Rate GNSS (HR-GNSS) technology provides an important advantage over traditional seismic instruments due to its ability to record three-dimensional ground displacements directly, without saturation during strong shaking, and with no need for baseline correction. These capabilities turn HR-GNSS into one of the most promising complements of seismic measurements, at least for surface-wave analysis and crustal velocity modeling. In tectonically active regions like Iran, where multiple seismic sources converge with densely populated areas, an optimized seismic–geodetic network is of paramount importance. This research proposes a goal-oriented and cost-effective framework for upgrading existing GNSS stations into high-rate operation instead of expanding the network size. By integrating HR-GNSS along with seismic observations, especially within the Zagros and Alborz tectonic zones, the monitoring system will achieve enhanced azimuthal coverage, improved near-field displacement detection, and a unified broadband dataset enabling advanced seismic studies and geodynamic modeling. Results will show that scientifically optimized and economically feasible HR-GNSS integration may significantly enhance the nation's earthquake monitoring capability and add much value to crustal structure understanding in tectonically active regions.