Virtual and Augmented Reality as a Modern Way of Exploring and Analysing Historical Objects in High Quality

Abstract. This study explores the integration of modern visualization technologies, specifically virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) into the documentation and presentation of cultural heritage, using the Old Town Bridge Tower in Prague as a case study. The project demonstrates a complete digital workflow for creating optimized 3D models suitable for immersive applications, while preserving the historical integrity and detailed features of the original monument. A combination of laser scanning and photogrammetry was used to capture high-resolution geometric and textural data. The resulting dense 3D models were processed through retopology and texture mapping (including normal and ambient occlusion maps) to reduce polygon count and enhance real-time performance without sacrificing visual fidelity. 
The optimized model was then integrated into Unreal Engine to create an interactive VR experience, complete with an educational virtual museum space inside the tower. Additionally, an augmented reality version was developed for mobile devices, allowing users to explore the digital twin of the structure via a QR code without the need for specialized hardware. This paper highlights the significance of using correct workflows in digitizing cultural heritage assets for immersive technologies, showcasing how accurate modelling, texture preservation, and optimization can lead to accessible, engaging, and realistic virtual representations of historical monuments. The entire project was created at the request of conservationists, investors, and experts in the documentation of historical buildings.