A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR URBAN UNDERGROUND OBJECTS DETECTION FROM VEHICLE-BORNE GROUND PENETRATING RADAR DATA IN REAL-TIME

Abstract. GPRs (Ground Penetrating Radar) are widely adopted in underground space survey and mapping, because of their advantages of fast data acquisition, convenience, high imaging resolution and NDT (Non Destructive Testing) inspection. However, at present, the automation of the GPR data post-processing is low and the identification of underground objects needs expert interpretation. The heavy manual interpretation labor limits the GPR applications in large-scale urban scenarios. According to the latest research, it is still an unsolved problem to detect targets or defects in GPR data automatically and needs further exploration. In this paper, we propose a deep learning method for real-time detection of underground targets from GPR data. Seven typical targets in urban underground space are identified and labelled to construct the training dataset. The constructed dataset is consist of 489 labelled samples including rainwater wells, cables, metal/nonmetal pipes, sparse/dense steel reinforcement, voids. The training dataset is further augmented to produce more samples. DarkNet53 convolutional neural network (CNN) is trained using the constructed training dataset including realistic data and augmented data to extract features of the buried objects. And then the end-to-end YOLO detection framework is used to classify and locate the seven specific categories buried targets in the GPR data in real time. Experiments show that the automatic real-time detection method proposed in this paper can effectively detect the buried objects in the ground penetrating radar image in real time at Shenzhen test site (typical urban road scene).