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Volume XLIX-B2-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

Volume XLIX-B2-2026 | Volumes
Volume XLIX-B2-2026 | Volumes

Volume XLIX-B2-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

1

1997 Central European Flood

2

2D Projection 2D–3D Feature Fusion

3

3D Digital Map 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) 3D Model 3D Models 3D Monitoring 3D Photogrammetry 3D Point Cloud 3D Point Cloud Segmentation 3D Point Clouds 3D Reconstruction 3D Scene Understanding 3D Stem Reconstruction 3D Surveying 3D Tiles 3D building model 3D classification 3D digitization 3D laser scanning 3D modeling 3D point cloud 3D reconstruction 3D rock art inventory 3D roof model 3D semantic segmentation 3D shape representation 3D stereoscopic mode 3D tree modelling 3D-to-2D Conversion 3DGS 3d-object observation

A

AI training ALS Point Cloud Absolute Visual Localization Accuracy assessment Adaptive Thresholding Adaptive Tiling Adverse Weather Aerial Image Aerial Images Aerial imagery Aerial photogrammetry Aerial-Ground Reconstruction Affine invariance Airborne LiDAR Airborne laser scanning (ALS) Airspace Management Andean urbanization Antler measurement Appearance Overfitting Archaeological Site Analysis Archival heritage Archived Aerial Photo Arctic UAV imagery Artificial Intelligence Attitude measurement Attribute-Enriched Point Clouds Augmented Reality Augmented Reality (AR) Augmented Reality Camera localization Automated Feature Tagging Automated Validation Automatic Differentiation Automation Autonomous Driving Autonomy aerial image recognition albedo as-built BIM automatic labelling automatic modelling autonomous camera systems

B

BIM BIM model BRDF Bathymetric LiDAR Benchmarking Point Cloud Registration Algorithms Binocular vision Blender Branch motion analysis Bridge Deterioration Inspection Bridge Health Monitoring Bridge inspection Brown-Conrady model Building Components Building Detection Building Façade Modeling Building Segmentation Built Heritage Built Infrastructure Bundle Adjustment Bundle-Adjustment banquette monitoring bathymetry beach processes block adjustment bounding box bundle adjustment burial structure

C

CAD CSG Calibration Camera Calibration Camera orientation Camera-calibration Canopy height model (CHM) Cave paintings Central axis fitting Ceres Solver Change Detection CityGML Close-Range Photogrammetry Cloud Control Photogrammetry Co-registration Coal Mining Coastal Monitoring Colorization Comparative Analysis Comparative study Complex Environments Complex Structure Computed Tomography Computer Vision Congruency Conjugate Feature-Guided Matching Contextual Prompting Contextual Reasoning Control Network Correction Method Correlation coefficient Corridor and Node Management Crack Measurement Crack Segmentation Crater Extraction Cross-Domain Image Matching Cross-Source Point Cloud Registration Cross-View Cross-modal matching Cross-modality Image Matching Cultural Heritage Cultural Monument Cultural heritage camera calibration camouflaged object detection cave cellular automata close-range photogrammetry coastal dynamics coded targets comparison computer vision connectivity graph cracks detection cross-platform interoperability cross-view geo-localization cultural heritage

D

D Gaussian Splatting DEM DISK DJI Zenmuse P1 DSM DUSt3R Damage Classification Damage Localization Damage Segmentation Data Augmentation Data Fusion Data Integration Data fusion Data gaps Data quality Dataset Decay mapping Deciduous tree Decoupling Deep Learning Deep learning Depth Estimation Depth Maps Depth rendering Deter Differential GNSS Diffusion Models Diffusion model Digital Control Photos (DCPs) Digital Documentation Digital Elevation Model Digital Forest Digital Heritage Preservation Digital Platform Digital Surface Model Digital Surface Models Digital Twin Digital Twin Enabled UTM Digital Twins Digital terrain model (DTM) Digitisation Direct georeferencing Disaster monitoring Disparity Initialization Docker Domain Generalization Domain Shift Drone Imagery Drone Photogrammetry data fusion data-centric approach daytime debris flow deep learning deep learning models deformation tracking diffusion models digital twin

E

Earth Engine Applications Edge detection Expert analysis Extended Mixed Reality Exterior orientation eXplainableAI efficiency eigenfrequencies experimental validation

F

Facade Modeling Feature Analysis Feature Extraction Feature Matching Feature extraction Feature matching Fiducial Markers Forest Inventory Forest LiDAR data Forestry Foundation Model Foundation model Fractional order differentiation Free elevation models French Overseas feature engineering fusion

G

GNSS GNSS kinematic survey GNSS-camera system GPS/GNSS Gaussian Processes Gaussian Splatting Generative AI Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Geo-Visual Fusion GeoAI Geometric Diffusion Consistency Geometric consistency Geomorphic change detection Geospatial Analysis Geothermal Energy Geothermal Exploration Glacier monitoring Google Earth Engine Graph Matching Ground Control Points Ground Deformation Ground Truth Ground-plane fitting generative AI geometric assessment geometric refinement geometry geomorphological mapping georeferencing glacier margin mapping glacier monitoring glass objects ground truth

H

HD map generation Habitat Mapping Handheld Personal Laser Scanning Handheld lidar Hapke Harvester Production Haul Road Extraction Height estimation High Performance Computing High-Definition Maps High-Density Urban Reconstruction High-Resolution Digital Elevation Model High-Resolution RGBI Orthophotos High-resolution 3D model Historic Garden Historical Air Photos Historical cartography Historical video Human trajectory prediction Hydrography Hydrological Conditioning Hyper-temporal Hyperspectral imaging handheld systems heritage digitization historical images human-readable markers hydrogeological risk

I

ICESat-2 ICP IFC ISPRS Archives Illumination Priors Image Alignment Image Enhancement Image Matching Image Orientation Image Overlap Image Time Series Image alignment Image descriptor Image matching Image processing Immersive Education Inaccessible Points Individual Tree Detection Individual tree segmentation Industrial Buildings Information-Driven Modeling Infrastructure analysis Initial DEM Constraint Initialization Instance Segmentation Instance segmentation Intelligent Mining Intervisibility Inventory Extraction Iterative Closest Point (ICP) illumination variation image matching image-to-point projection improvement invariant feature descriptor

J

Jewish cemeteries

K

Knowledge distillation Kowloon Hong Kong keypoint detection

L

LOD3 Modeling LOD3 Reconstruction Land use and land cover mapping Language-Aligned Semantics Large Language Model Large Language Models Large-scale datasets Laser Projection Laser Scanners Laser Scanning Lens distortion Levee Piping LiDAR LiDAR Point Clouds LiDAR point cloud Light-Marker UAV Lighting Lightweight Neural Network Model LoD2 building model Location Determination Low-Cost Low-cost Low-texture environment Lunar Orbiter Multi-source Data Lunar South Pole laser scanning low-cost

M

MLS Machine Learning Machine learning Mandeye Map evaluation Map generation Map quality Mapillary Mars exploration Martinique Masked Autoencoders Masked Image Modelling Massing decomposition Mesh Mesh texture Meshing Metric Accuracy Metric calibration Military Vehicles Mine Restoration Mixed Reality Mobile Laser Scanning Mobile LiDAR Mobile Mapping Mobile Mapping System Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS) Mobile laser scanning Mobile mapping Mobility Aid Lift Monitoring Monitoring critical infrastructure Monocular Depth Estimation Monocular Terrain Reconstruction Monocular depth estimation Morphological Processing Multi-Camera Imaging System Multi-Source Data Fusion Multi-Temporal Multi-View Optimization Multi-View Stereo Multi-View Stereo (MVS) Multi-camera 3D Mobile Mapping Multi-camera V-SLAM Multi-camera stitching Multi-camera system Multi-camera systems Multi-class instance segmentation Multi-modal large language model (MLLM) Multi-source Data Fusion Multi-temporal analysis Multidimensional features Multispectral Multispectral imagery Multiview Instancing Mural salinity damage machine learning maritime infrastructure marker-based tracking metadata mobile laser scanning modal shapes multi-epoch multi-level representation multi-temporal multi-temporal analysis multi-temporal point clouds multi-view fusion multimodal image matching multispectral multitemporal remote sensing

N

Natural Hazard Monitoring Navigation NeRF Near-real-time Alert Systems Neural Network Neural Radiance Field (NeRF) Non-Lambertian surfaces Novel view synthesis neural radiance fields neural representation non-collaborative surfaces non-collaborative surfaces digitisation non-rigid drift

O

OBIA ORB-SLAM 3 Object Detection Observability Occupancy grid maps Octree Subdivision Open Data Open-Pit Mine Open-Vocabulary Segmentation Open-source Open-vocabulary Open-vocabulary Detection OpenCV OpenMVG OpenStreetMap Optical Imagery Optical Metrology Optimization Orthoimagery Orthophoto Orthophotos Outof-Distribution Generalization Oversegmentation object detection online processing orthomosaic

P

PM2.5 Panoptic Segmentation Panoramic imaging Parallax correction Pedestrian Accessibility Permanently Shadowed Regions Persistent Homology Photogrammetric Images Photogrammetry Pipe Diameter Planar Protective Layer PlanetScope SuperDove Plano-altimetric Accuracy Pleiades Pléiades Point Cloud Point Cloud Classification Point Cloud Processing Point Cloud Quality Point Cloud Upsampling Point Clouds Point cloud Point cloud evaluation Point clouds Pose Estimation Pose uncertainty Posidonia Oceanica Predictive Maintenance Preface Primary growth Profile Recognition Python Framework paradata particle swarm phase congruency photogrammetry point cloud point cloud analysis point cloud processing point cloud registration pointcloud polarized imaging pose estimation probabilistic reconstruction profile mode

Q

Quality Assessment Quantitative Structure Model quality

R

RT-DETR RTK-GNSS Integrated SLAM Radiance Field Radiance fields Rail Automated Inspection Railway Asset Management Railway systems Random Forest Ray Tracing Ray-tracing Real-Time Visualisation Real-time stereoscopic visualization Reconstruction Reference Trajectory Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) Reflective Intensity Refraction Refraction correction Refractive Effects Registration Regression Reinforcement Learning Remote Sensing Remote optical inspection Remote sensing Rendering Reverse Engineering Road Design Parameters Road Extraction Road Mapping Road surface Rocket recovery Roof classification Rubberised Concrete refraction registration regression remote sensing road infrastructure road slope deformation monitoring robustified rock glacier roof detection rotor blade roughness

S

SAHI SAR SIFT SLAM SRPs Salient Object Detection Satellite CO3D Scan-to-BIM Scan-vs-BIM Scan2USD Scene Graphs Scene Reconstruction Scene alignment Segment Anything Segmentation Selection Model Selective State Space Model Self-attention Semantic Compatibility Semantic Segmentation Semantic segmentation Semantic-Geometric Constraints Semantics Semi-Automated Documentation Sensor fusion Sentinel-2 Sequence-based Serious Games SfM Photogrammetry Shallow Water Sidewalk width Simulation Single CCTV Single-View Measurement Single-image estimation Slope Erosion Smart City Smartphone Image Sparse Convolutional Neural Network Sparse Optimization Sparse-View Novel View Synthesis Spatial AI Spatial Analysis Spatial Inventorization Spatial Tokenisation Spatial completeness Spatial self-attention Spatiotemporal Learning Spherical Images Stereo Photogrammetry Stereovision Street view images Strip adjustment Structural Health Monitoring Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Structural Reconstruction Structure from Motion Structure from Motion (SfM) Structure-from-Motion Super-resolution SuperPoint Superpoint Graph Surface Defect Analysis Surface normals Surface parameterization Surface reconstruction Surveying Technology Susceptibility Mapping Symmetry Synthetic Data satellite images satellite-based AOD satellite-derived bathymetry scanning scene understanding semantic semantic segmentation simulation single-image 3D reconstruction solid geometry standard metrics statistical analysis stereo-photogrametry stochastic model street scene reconstruction structural health monitoring structure-from-motion surface modeling synthetic synthetic references system halls systematic errors

T

TLS Target Decoding Target Encoding Technical Commission II (Photogrammetry) Temporal completeness Terrestrial Photogrammetry Terrestrial laser scanning Textual register Texture Optimization Thermal Infrared (TIR) images Thermal imaging Timber Framing Time-series Topo-bathymetric LiDAR Topological Data Analysis Traffic Monitoring Training-Free Framework Trajectory estimation Tram Tree Parameters Tree Volume Estimation Tree shoot Tree species classification Tri-stereo image matching (TSIM) terrestrial laser scanning texture texture fidelity tie point tolerance verification trajectory optimisation

U

U-Net UAV UAV Imagery UAV Laser Scanning UAV Navigation UAV Object Detection UAV Photogrammetry UAV images UAV multispectral imagery UAV photogrammetry Uncrewed Surface Vehicle Understorey vegetation (USV) Underwater LiDAR Underwater Lidar Underwater Photogrammetry Underwater Simulation Unity Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Unmanned Laser Scanning (ULS) Unsupervised Unsupervised Segmentation Urban Airspace Gridding Urban Governance Urban Heritage Urban Modelling Urban Scene Analysis uncertainty estimation understorey underwater underwater photogrammetry

V

VHR satellite photogrammetry Vegetation monitoring Vehicle Detection View-Dependent Registration Virtual Reality Virtual View Augmentation Vision Transformer Vision language model (VLM) Vision-Language Models (VLM) Vision–Language Models Visual Foundation Model Visual Testing (VT) Visual grounding Visual localisation vegetation mapping virtual vision language model vulnerability

W

Well log interpretation Window Wireframe extraction water level wind turbine

X

XGBoost XXV ISPRS Congress 2026

Y

YOLO YOLO11 YOLOv11

Z

Zero-shot
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