The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
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Volume XLVIII-2/W12-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

Volume XLVIII-2/W12-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

3

360° Panoramas 360° Videogrammetry 360° camera 3D 3D Building Models 3D Cadastre 3D Enviroment 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Mapping 3D Modelling 3D Point Cloud 3D Point Clouds 3D Property Valuation 3D Reconstruction 3D Semantic Segmentation 3D acquisition 3D documentation 3D heritage models 3D laser scanning 3D model assessment 3D modelling 3D models 3D point cloud integration 3D point clouds 3D reconstruction 3D survey 3DOnt

A

AI AR Digital interaction Accuracy Alpine fortification Analog architectural drawings Analysis Archaeological documentation Archaeological reconstruction Architectural Heritage Architecture Architecture stratification Artificial Intelligence Authenticity Automation anisotropic material properties archaeological site management

B

BIM modelling Balconies Blender Byzantine mosaic bands bSDD benchmarking built cultural heritage built environment buried structures

C

CMOS sensor Calibration Classification Close range photogrammetry Co-registration Colorization Colourimetric Calibration Communication Conservation Cultural Heritage Cultural Tourism Cultural heritage documentation CupixVista castle computational photography conservation and preservation conservation strategies cultural heritage

D

Damage Assessment Data Modelling Data Provenance Data Space for Cultural Heritage Data Spaces Data integration Deep Learning Deep learning Dense point cloud fusion Details detection Diagnosis Difficult Heritage Digital Documentation Digital Fabrication Digital Heritage Digital Replica Digital Twin Digitalization Dissemination Dissonance Documentation deformation analysis diagnostic data digital shadow digital survey digital tools digitization

G

GIS GPR Gaussian Splatting Gaussian splatting GeoBIM Geographic Information System (GIS) Geometric Comparison Gio Ponti architecture Graph geomorphometry georeferencing

H

HBIM Heritage 3D Documentation Heritage Presentation Heritage documentation Heritage in Risk High Level of Detail (LoD) Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) Historic Garden Historical city centres Hybrid Laser Scanner Hyperhemispherical lenses heritage documentation highlighting Cultural Heritage historical churches hyperparameter optimization

I

IDOVIR taxonomy IPad Pro Image Change Detection Image-based 3D modelling Image-based modeling Immersive Guided Learning Immersive Visualization Indoor Mapping Industrial Heritage Information Modelling InfraBIM Integrated Digital Survey Integrated Platform Integrative approach Interpretation IoT integration image-based modeling immersion integrated survey interoperability interpretation-driven workflows

L

Laser Scanning Laser scanning Level of Accuracy Level of Reference LiDAR Linked Open Data Low-Cost 3D Capture Low-Poly Mesh Low-cost photogrammetry Low-light environments Low-overlap Orthophoto lasergrammetry

M

MVS Machine Learning Maquette Metadata Mobile Mapping Mobile Robotics Modeling Multi-Source Data Multi-View Stereo Multi-band Difference Multi-camera Multi-camera rig Multi-criteria decision analysis methods Multi-layer process Multi-sensor Documentation Multi-sensor survey Multi-source data integration Museum Applications mixed reality modelling modern cultural heritage monitoring mortar multi-sensor data fusion multi-source data fusion multi-temporal changes multimodal models

P

Palazzo Carignano Paradata Pavia Persistent augmented reality Photogrammetric survey Photogrammetry Point Cloud Point Cloud Generation Point Clouds Point cloud processing and analysis Point cloud visualization Post-disaster Preventive and Planned Conservation Procedural Rendering Project drawings analysis Property graph photogrammetry point cloud classification point cloud processing

R

Radiance Field Railings Random Forest Reality-Virtuality Continuum Restoration Risk Scoring Risk assessment Rolling shutter Roman architecture range- based modeling range-based modeling real-based modeling reality-based annotation reconstruction reflectance models

S

SLAM SLAM-based portable laser scanning SLAM-based systems Scale control and accuracy assessment Scan-to-HBIM Seg4D Segmentation Self-calibrating bundle adjustment Semantic Semantic Data Fusion Semantic segmentation Sensor Data Streams Sensor readout architecture Shutter classification Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Space Heritage Spherical photogrammetry Survey scan-to-BIM semantic modelling semantic segmentation slope and curvature descriptors software specular reflections structural analysis

V

VLM VPL VR technology Vegetal Architecture View selection Virtual Photogrammetry Virtual Reality Virtual Reconstructions Virtual Tour Virtual reconstruction Visual Programming Language (VPL) Visual SLAM vegetation monitoring vegetation-related risk view synthesis virtual archaeology visualisation vulnerability assessment
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