The accuracy of image-based individual tree crown detection and delineation across vegetation types

We identified the atmospheric conditions that distinguish ordinary thunderstorms from four severe weather hazards, highlighting numerical proxies for their modelling in the Mediterranean. Severe winds occur in warm, unstable air (summer) or with strong mid-level winds (other seasons); tornadoes are favored by instability near the ground; large hail occurs when instability and strong winds combine; and short-duration heavy precipitation is favored by high moisture and slow-moving thunderstorms.

Understanding vegetation response to environmental change requires accurate, long-term data on vegetation condition (VC). We evaluated existing satellite VC datasets over Australia and found them lacking, so we developed a new VC dataset for Australia, AusENDVI. It can be used for studying Australia's changing vegetation dynamics and downstream impacts on the carbon and water cycles, and it provides a reliable foundation for further research into the drivers of vegetation change.