Evolution of the 3D Documentation of the Necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa (Aswan, Egypt) Based on Data Fusion

Abstract. This study describes the evolution of workflows implemented over six campaigns for the complete graphical documentation of an Egyptian necropolis. The primary objective was to enhance data acquisition efficiency while ensuring a high geometric and radiometric quality. The methodology integrates several geomatic techniques: terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), close-range photogrammetry (CRP), and spherical photogrammetry (SP). It emphasizes their combined use, taking advantage of their respective strengths to achieve this goal. The approach adapted to site characteristics, instrument availability, and concurrent archaeological activities. We also analysed the impact of reducing control points from surveying, given its significant effect on field tasks. The approach addresses external and internal scenes (tombs) individually. Initially, external areas were documented solely with CRP, but TLS and SP were incorporated in subsequent campaigns. Conversely, burial structures were initially documented using CRP and TLS, with SP (both static and mobile) later employed for texturing. The results demonstrate the advantages of data fusion across multiple techniques, considering both quality and acquisition efficiency. In conclusion, TLS primarily focuses on 3D model geometry, while CRP and SP concentrate on texture. This combined approach has proven essential for short field campaigns, especially when coinciding with archaeological excavations and facing other difficulties like existing material within tombs or the presence of tourists.