The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Publications Copernicus

Volume XLIX-B3-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

Volume XLIX-B3-2026, 2026 – Keyword index

A

AHP–PCA Integration AI ALOS PALSAR ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 AVIRIS-NG Ablation study Aboveground Biomass (AGB) Adaptation Adaptive Framework Aerial imagery Aerial orthophotos Aerosol Optical Depth Agricultural Monitoring Agriculture Air Pollutant Air Pollution Air Quality Air Quality Index Air Quality Standards Air Temperature Modelling Air temperature Allometric equation Almond Yield AlphaEarth Animal counting Anomaly Detection Antarctic ice sheet Arctic Arctic sea ice Artificial Intelligence Asian Summer Monsoon Assessment Asset Management Asteroid Rotation Parameters Attribution analysis Automated Production Automated Spatial Information Processing Automated image processing; instant map service; tile technique; fast image production Automation pipeline Autonomous Trains absolute radiometry added-value products advanced products aerial imagery air quality airborne augmented reality automated image-matching

B

BSAC Matrix Bacteria Leaf Blight Banana crops Band Selection Bankfull width Benthic Classification Bioaerosols Biodiversity Biomass estimation Blur Bootstrap Brazil Bridge Bridge Monitoring British Columbia Building Damage Detection Building footprint extraction Building variable extraction Bundle Adjustment Bundle adjustment Burned Area Mapping bark beetle infestation bathymetry boreal forests burn severity

C

CALIOP CARS CBERS-4A CLIP CNN CO₂ point source CTGAN California wildfires Camouflage Detection Canada Canopy Height Model Canopy gaps Cavern Storage Cellular Automata Central China Cereal Crop Mapping Chad basin Change Detection Changting County Chl-a Prediction Chlorophyll Inversion Chlorophyll-a City physical examination and assessment Classification Climate Change Climate Monitoring Climate change Climate indices Climate-Aware Agriculture Cloud-based processing Coastal Waters Coastal city Coastal monitoring Coastline extraction Comparative Study Computer Vision Condition assessment Conditional Discrete Diffusion Model Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks Contrastive Learning Control Network ControlNet Convolutional Neural Networks Convolutional neural networks Copernicus EMS Cotton Farming Cotton Mapping Crater graph Craters Crop Residue Crop mapping Crop residue cover mapping Cropland Data Layer Cropland abandonment Cross-Scene Adaptation Cross-Validation Crown diameter canopy height model change detection climate climate change cloud optical centroid pressure cloud optical thickness coastal change comparison computational photography computer vision conflict monitoring crown traits

D

DBH DEM DEM Correction DISAMAR DInSAR DNN Damage Assessment Dashcam Data Augmentation Data Downscaling Data Integration Data Lakes Data Retrieval Data Warehouses Data-Driven Mineral Exploration Data-driven models Dataset Construction Daytime urban heat island Decision Support System Deep Learning Deep learning Deforestation Deforestation by artisanal mining Deformation Deformation monitoring Dehesa Detectron2 Diffusion-based Super-Resolution Digital Surface Model Digital Terrain Model Dirichlet evidential network Disaster Monitoring Disaster Response Disaster Risk Assessment Disaster Risk Reduction Disease Detection Dispersion Mechanisms Distributed Scatterers (DS) Downscaled TWS Downscaling Drought Dual-Task Optimization Dynamic Time Warping Dynamic vegetation indices daily snow trends data fusion deep learning deformation dense vegetation design requirements design validation detection fusion diffusion models dry mass

E

EGMS EIA ENSO EO ET Earth Atmosphere Earth Observations Earth observation Earthquake Ecological quality Ecological restoration Ecosystem service value Ecuadorian Amazon Edge Loss Edge computing Ego-path Detection Emission Monitoring Empirical Mode Decomposition Ensemble Method Ensemble Strategy Environmental Governance Environmental conservation agriculture Environmental impact Eruption European spruce bark beetle Eutrophication Explainable AI Explainable deep learning Extreme weather events editing

F

Feature Matching Feature Tracking Federated learning Fine-grained mapping Fire Behavior Fire severity mapping Flight Safety Zones Flood detection Floods Fluvial Dynamics Flux gate Forest Height Forest fire prediction Foundation Model Foundation Models Foundational Models Fractional cover Fuzzy Weights of Evidence forage mixes forest health forest health monitoring fusion

G

GEDI GIS GNSS meteorology GPP GRACE GSV Images Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) Ganga Basin Gauge-based validation Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Generative Model GeoAI Geochemical Analysis Geohazard Assessment Geolocation accuracy Geometric correction Geospatial Analysis Geospatial Analytics Geospatial Monitoring Geotagging Gharbia Glacier segmentation Gold Mining Gold Prospectivity Golfo Aranci Google Earth Google Earth Engine Google Earth Engine (GEE) Grad-CAM GradientSHAP Grayscale Threshold Masking Green Roof Gross primary production Ground deformation Groundwater Groundwater Storage GuidedGradCAM Gulf of İzmir generalisation generative generative artificial intelligence geophysics grassland green-shoulder indices greenhouse gases ground motion ground truth measurements growth

H

HEC-RAS HLS Harmonic Analysis Health Health Monitoring Heatwaves Heavy metal deposition Hedgerows Heterogeneous Remote Sensing Image Historical Records Hot and arid areas Hotspot Analysis Human Activity Huzhou City Hydraulic geometry Hydromorphological change Hydromorphology Hyperparameter Optimization Hyperspectral Hyperspectral Image Classification Hyperspectral Imagery Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Hyperspectral camera Hyperspectral imagery Hyperspectral imaging habitat harvest mouse heat index heat mitigation height-increment human-data interaction hyperspectral data generation hyperspectral imagery hyperspectral imaging

I

IDW ISPRS Archives ITDCD Illegal Mining Image Captioning Image Fusion Image Inpainting Image Quality Image Retrieval Image Similarity Image Super-Resolution Image Tiles Image matching Image segmentation Image time series Image translation Implicit Neural Representation Improved Genetic Algorithm InSAR InSAR post processing Incidence Angle Individual Tree Crown Delineation Individual tree crown Individual tree crown delineation Individual tree detection InfraGAN Inland Water Inland navigation Input-output Instance segmentation Integrated Mass Enhancement Intelligent Fusion Interactive Geospatial Analysis Intersection Angle Optimization Invasive plant monitoring Invasive plant spread Inverse ISP IoT sensor network image restoration interferometry interpolation

J

Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(J-NIAHS)

L

L-band LOOCV LSTM LULC LULC change Lake water volume Land Cover Classification Land Surface Evolution Land Surface Temperature Land Surface Temperature (LST) Land Use Land Cover Land Use and Land Cover Changes Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Land cover Land cover land use classification Land management Land surface temperature Land use Land use classification Land use monitoring Landsat Large Language Model Large Language Model (LLM) Large Language Models (LLMs) Latent Diffusion Model Latent Diffusion Models Latent Space Dynamics,Cycle-to-Cycle Prediction Layered Inversion Leaf area index LiDAR LiDAR intensity Lidar Lidar altimetry Light Pollution LightGlue Lightweight Linear Regression Model Livability evaluation LoRA Logistic Regression Long Time Series Low-Altitude Economy Low-Altitude Surveying and Mapping UAVs Lunar Mapping landslides lichen mapping lidar intensity

M

MINIMA MLR MODIS MQTT communication MTInSAR Machine Learning Machine learning Mamba Mamba Architecture Mangrove Forest Mangrove Vegetation Index (MVI) Mann–Kendall Mapping Marine docks Mars Mask R-CNN Mask quality estimation Masked Autoencoder Mass balance Matched Filter Mavic 3M Meta-prompting Microplastics Mikania micrantha Mining Mining Pressure Modified NDWI Monitoring Moon Mowing Events Multi-Modal Change Detection Multi-Modal-Matching Multi-Object Tracking Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Multi-Source Geographic Information Data Multi-conditional Control Multi-scenario simulation Multi-source data Multi-source remote sensing Multidisciplinary Collaboration Multimodal Analysis Multimodal Remote Sensing Multimodal data Multiscale features Multispectral Multispectral Imagery Multispectral Remote Sensing Multispectral time-series analysis Multitemporal analysis micro-SAR satellites microwave remote sensing multi-resolution multispectral imaging

N

NDVI Time Series Forecasting NDWI NISAR Nairobi Metropolitan Nangaritza River Natural Disaster Natural disaster Navajo Nation Neo-Pleiades Nighttime Lights Nighttime urban heat island Nitrogen fixation Noise Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Normalized Green–Red Difference Index (NGRDI) North Western Himalaya Northern Sea Route nanosatellite neural-network emulators

O

O2-A band Oak trees Object Based Object detection Oblique Imagery Occlusion-Aware Modelling Onboard processing Open Geospatial Data Open Source Optical Data Optimization Orthorectification offset detection optical image orthophoto

P

PAN-to-RGB PATH model PCR PLUS model PM₂.₅ PSI Pansharpening Pattern Modification Persistent Scatterer Interferometry Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) Persistent scatterers Phase unwrapping error Phoenix Photo Voltaic System Photogrammetry Photovoltaic Site Assessment Physical Modeling Phytoremediation Pin Valley National Park PlanetScope Planetary Photogrammetry Pleiades Neo Point cloud PointMAE PointNet Polarimetric SAR Polarimetric-Interferometric data Posidonia Oceanica Post-fire runoff Post-seismic Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV),Low-Cost GNSS Precipitation patterns Precipitation products Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Precision Agriculture Preface Prescribed burns Prompt Generation Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) Protected Forests Pseudo Tree Crown (PTC) peatland phase unwrapping planetary surface exploration point density

R

RAW reconstruction RFE RGB RUSLE Radiative Transfer Radiometric normalization Rail Switch Understanding Rainfall analysis RandLA-Net Random Forest Random Forest (RF) Random Forest Regression Rapid Rare Earth Elements Real-time processing Reasoning Segmentation Recognition Recursive Feature Elimination Reference Misuse Reference-Based Super-Resolution Reflectance spectroscopy Relativized Burn Ratio Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Image Remote Sensing Image Application Remote Sensing Image Generation Remote Sensing Images Remote Sensing Monitoring Remote Sensing Validation Remote sensing Remote sensing dataset Remote sensing imagery Reservoirs Resilient Future Risk Identification River morphology Road Condition Monitor Road Detection Road Extraction Road extraction radiometric adjustment reflectance remote sensing risk modelling

S

SAR SAR Tomography SAR-Optical Registration SAR-to-EO Translation SCGWR SDG SF24 dataset SHapley Additive exPlanations SPI SRTM DEM SUHI SWMM Safeguard Safety Level Classification Sand Mining Sandbar mapping Sardinia Satellite Satellite Imagery Satellite Images Satellite Video Tracking Satellite data Satellite data analysis Satellite-derived shoreline Satellites Sea Ice Drift Seagrass Segment Anything Segment Anything Model Segment Anything Model (SAM) Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM2) Segmentation Self-Supervised Learning Self-learning Minimal Learning Machine Semantic Segmentation Semi-theoretical and Semi-empirical Model Sensor Harmonization Sensor-limited Georeferencing Sentinel 2 Sentinel – 1 Sentinel – 2 MSI Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2A SfM Shadowcam Shanghai Coastal Waters Shannon’s Entropy Shoreline Ecological Restoration Short-term forecasting Small Baseline Small Satellite Small satellite Snow Persistence Snow water equivalent Social Media Soil erosion Soil microbial diversity and activity value (BIOTREX) Soil organic matter (SOM) Solar-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence Southeast China SpaceNet9 Spaceborne LiDAR Space–Time Analysis Spatial Analysis Spatial Autocorrelation Spatial Automation Spatial Feature Extraction Spatial Relation Awareness Spatial co-occurrence Spatial generalization Spatialization Spatiotemporal Analysis Spatiotemporal Vegetation Degradation Spatiotemporal changes Spatiotemporal variation Species Classification Spectral Attention Module Spectral Indices Spectral Preservation Spectral resolution Spectral-spatial learning Spline Stable Diffusion Statistical Analysis Structural Fidelity Structure Monitoring Subsurface Deformation Sun Glint Super-Resolution Super-resolution Supervised Classification Supervised classification Surface Displacement Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) Sustainable Agriculture Symmetry Index Synergy analysis Synthetic Aperture Radar Synthetic Imagery Synthetic- Aperture Radar sap flow sap flux satellite imagery satellites semantic segmentation shadow detection siamese U-Net software spectral indices spectral unmixing style transfer

T

TROPOMI TSX/TDX Tapajós Environmental Protection Area Technical Commission III Temperature Prediction Temporal Localization Temporal Mismatch Temporal generalization Temporal trends Temporary Persistent Scatterers TerraSAR-X Terrestrial laser scanning Terrestrial water storage (TWS) Territorial and Spatial Supervision Territorial planning Thermal Thermal Infrared Simulation Thermal Simulation Thermal remote sensing Time Series Time Series Analysis Time series Time series clustering Time-series classification Timeseries Transfer Learning Transformer Transport dynamics Trend Analysis Trinidad Tropical Forests True Tree Crown (TTC) Turkey thermal imaging training data

U

U-Net UAV UAV Hangar UAV Imagery UAV hyperspectral sensors UAV photogrammetry UAV-RGB imagery UAV–satellite upscaling UNet segmentation USM data UTLS aerosols UltraCam Unauthorized Land-Use Parcel Verification Uncertainty Uncertainty Quantification Uncertainty quantification Uncertainty-Aware Identity Prediction Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unmixing Unpiloted Aerial Vehicle lidar Urban Climate Urban Climatology Urban Expansion Urban Growth Urban Heat Island Urban Heat Island (UHI) Urban Spatial Monitoring (USM) Urban expansion Urban hydrology Urban microclimate Urban thermal environment Urban trees Urbanization underwater archaeology urban green area urban heat island urban vegetation

V

VIIRS Satellite Images Validation Variational Autoencoder Vegetation Vegetation mapping Very High Resolution (VHR) SAR Very high-resolution satellite imagery (VHRSI) Virtual Ground Control Points Vision-language Models (VLMs) Vision–language Models Volcano validation vegetation Indices vegetation indices

W

WASI-AI WRF-CMAQ Water Body Extraction Water Depth Retrieval Water Quality Water gauge data Water quality inversion West Pacific Wildfire Wildfire Detection Wildfire Response Wildfire State Transition Wildfires Wildland-urban Interface Wildlife monitoring Wind farms Windstorm Hazard Index (WHI) Worldview3 satellite imagery Wuhan Wyvern Dragonette war damage mapping water potential weather wildfire
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