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Volume XLVIII-G-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

Volume XLVIII-G-2025 | Volumes
Volume XLVIII-G-2025 | Volumes

Volume XLVIII-G-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

3

3D 3D Building Reconstruction 3D Database 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Mapping 3D Model 3D Modeling 3D Scene 3D Time Series Analysis 3D buildings 3D data 3D digital object 3D indoor modelling 3D information system 3D point cloud 3D reconstruction 3D subdivision 3DCityDB

5

5G integrated sensing and communication

A

AI AI-driven Insights AI4Science ALOS-2 ALS Accessibility Active tectonics Adaptive Waste Demand Management Aerial Image Analysis Aerial Imagery Aerial LiDAR Agriculture Air Quality Monitoring Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) Airborne LiDAR Airborne System Airspace map Analytics Anomaly Application Domain Extension Arabian Gulf Arid Region Armenia Artificial intelligence Attraction Field Maps Attribution analysis Augmented Reality Automation Automotive Autonomous Driving Autonomous Vehicle Autonomous inspection Autonomous vehicle (AV) Autonomous vehicle navigation Autoware aboveground biomass algorithms as-built BIM automated damage detection autonomous driving autonomous vehicles

B

BIM Barak Bathymetric LiDAR Bicycle-mounted BlazeFace Blender Body of Knowledge Brahmaputra Building Damage Detection Building Information Modeling (BIM) Building Material Building Modeling Building extraction Building model Buildings bark beetle bikeability bridge inspection building height estimation building reconstruction built environment

C

CARLA CNN Camera Calibration Camera parameters Camera-LiDAR Fusion Canopy footprint Capella Satellite Catalogue Cement Durability Monitoring Cement Mortar Certified third-party sourcing Change Detection Change detection CityGML CityJSON Cityscapes Class imbalance mitigation Climate Change Climate change Clustering Point Cloud Coastal Reclamation Coastal Zone Color Difference Analysis Combined Mangrove Recognition Index Common Data Environment (CDE) Completeness Assessment Computer Vision Conceptual Framework Concrete Manufacturing Construction Plans Continuous Monitoring Contour detector Convolutional Neural Network Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) Coral Correspondence Model Cost Estimation Cost-effective Cracks Crater Mapping Crop Health Classification Cross-section extraction Crowd-source Data Fusion change detection classification close range photogrammetry collaborative platform color factor weight crowdsourced datasets crown delineation

D

DHE DInSAR DSM DSM/DEM DTM/DSM Damage Assessment Data development and utilization Data elements circulation Data security Decarbonization Deep Learning Deep learning Dense Matching Depreciation Digital Construction Digital Twin Dijkstra’s algorithm Disaster Management Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster damage prediction Discrete grid Distance Measurement Douglas-Peucker Dune Dynamic Monitoring Dynamic Navigation data integration data interoperability deep learning detection diameter at breast height (DBH) disposal site dump dynamic deflection monitoring dynamic features

E

EGI Inertial Navigation System Earth Observation Ecology Ecosystem Monitoring Edge Computing Eldarica Pine Emergency Emergency braking Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (ESRGAN) Environmental Change Environmental Impacts Environmental Monitoring Environmental Weathering Error Propagation Exploration Extended Kalman Filter Extrinsic Calibration environmental data management evaluation metrics expansive species extreme rainfall

F

Facility Management Feature Pyramid Network Flood Flooded area detection Floodplain Management Food Security Assessment Forest Forest biometrics Forestry Foundation Model Fully Connected Neural Network flood

G

GCN GIQ.AE GIS GIS Environment GNSS GNSS Time Synchronisation GNSS challenges GPS data GWVI Gaussian Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) GeoSOT-3D Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geological Disaster Geometric Inspection Geometric and Semantic Modeling Geometry Geomorphic Monitoring Geoportal Geospatial Analytics Geospatial Pattern Geospatial data Geospatial web service Geovisualisation Gharameel NR Graphical User Interface Grassland Grassland Classification Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix Green Building Gross Primary Productivity Ground point filtering Ground-based SAR glacier monitoring green and yellow stage ground-based synthetic aperture radar

H

HD Maps Handheld Device Hardware accelerator Henan province Heterogeneous Computing High Definition Maps High Resolution High-Definition Map High-altitude zone High-definition (HD) map High-definition Maps High-resolution remote sensing images Human impact Hyperspectral Reflectance Analysis Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

I

ICP ILX-LR1 ISPRS Geospatial Week 2025 ITCD Image classification Inclusion Individual tree segmentation Indoor Indoor Scene Reconstruction Indoor mapping Inefficient urban land Initial Alignment Inspection Instance Segmentation Instance segmentation Intellegent identification Intelligent Change Detection Intensity Internet of Things (IoT) Invariant Feature Extraction image segmentation individualization infrastructure monitoring interferometric TOPSPAR invasive species

K

Kenya Knowledge Gaps Krkonoše Mountains

L

L-band SAR LIDAR LT-1 LULC classification Land Cover Land Cover and Land Use (LCLU) Land Surface Temperature Land Use and Land Cover Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Landcover Lander Localization Landing Site Landsat Landsat satellite images Large Multimodal Models Laser Scanning Least Squares Adjustment Levenshtein Distance LiDAR LiDAR Point Cloud LiDAR point cloud LiDAR point cloud segmentation LiDAR/IMU/RTK fusion Linear Regression model Lines Detection LoD LoD3 Reconstruction Local maxima Location-based Services Low-Cost Low-Cost Technology Lunar Exploration Lunar robots Lupinus polyphyllus landfill leak detection

M

MODIS Machine Learning Mamba Mangrove Mangrove Health Index Mangroves Map Update Mapping Marine monitoring Marine pollution Mars Masks Matching and fusion Maximum Entropy Classifier Medicane Apollo Metal contamination Metrology Microwave chamber Mixed Reality Mobile LASER Scanning Mobile Laser Scanning Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) Mobile Line Segment Detector Mobile Mapping Mobile Mapping Technology Mobile laser scanning Mobile positioning data Mobile robot Mobile robotics Model integration Model-Driven Approach Modified U-Net Modular Construction Monitoring Morocco Earthquake Multi Modality Multi source Place names Multi-Resolution LiDAR point cloud Multi-illumination dome system Multi-modal Analysis Multi-modal Feature Multi-robot Multi-scale feature fusion Multi-sensor Fusion Multimodal Multimodal fusion Multispectral sensors Muscat machine learning mand_made forest monitoring multi-source geographical big data multispectral survey

N

NDSI NDVI NDVI Analysis NER of India Neural Networks Neural Radiance Fields Neural Rendering Neural network Noise removal Non-Destructive Testing Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) North Zanjan Fault Norway spruce Novel View Synthesis

O

OBIA Object Detection Objects Obstacle detection Oil Palm Plantation Oil spills Online Courses Open Source Operation andMaintenance Operational Design Domains (ODD) Optical imagery Orbital imagery Orthophotos object tracking object-based Image Analysis oblique photogrammetry optical EO

P

PSInSAR Stack On-Off model Parking Occupancy Detection Path Planning People with Disability Perth Photogrammetry Photometric Phytoplankton blooms Phytoremediation Pin Valley-National Park (PV-NP) Pipe geometry Pix2Pix Pixel-based image analysis Planet Scope PlanetScope Planetary Environments Planetary exploration Planetary topographic modeling Planning Point Cloud Point Cloud Accuracy Verification Point Cloud Classification Point Clouds Point cloud Point cloud geometric features Poly kernel inception network Pose Estimation Post-disaster damage detection and recovery monitoring Post-disaster imagery Power Transmission Line Collision Detection Precision Agriculture Precision agriculture Precision farming Prefabrication Preface Prior Regularization Property Valuation Public data resources Public-Private Partnership PyQGIS passive microwave radiometry photogrammetry plugin development point cloud point cloud denoising point clouds proximal sensing

Q

QGIS Quality Control

R

RGB Images RGB imagery Radiometric Calibration Radiometric correction Random Forest Real-time Real-time object detection Reality Capture Reconstruction Registration Regularized Boundaries Remote Sensing Remote sensing Requirement Analysis Resilience River Basin Survey River drought River flood Road Detection Road Inspection Road extraction Roads Route Optimization Algorithms Rubidium Rule library remote sensing river gauge roof modeling

S

SAR SBAS-InSAR SDR SLAM SSC SWE Salt marsh Satellite Imagery Satellite images Scan-to-BIM Scene Flow Sea Reclamation Seagrass Segment Anything Model (SAM) Segmentation Seismic behavior Semi-automatic Algorithm Semi-automatic algorithm Sensor Selection Sentinel-1 Sentinel-1 SAR Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 Optical Imagery Service composition Shadow Segmentation Sharaan NP Short-term prediction Sidewalk detection Signal penetration Signal photon Similarity Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Small bodies Smart Cities Smart City Solutions Smart Waste Management Soil Moisture Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) Space Data Center Spatial Statistics Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Spatiotemporal changes Spectral Properties Speech Sound Disorders (SSDs) Speech-Language Pathologists Stereo Photogrammetry Stereo images Straight Skeleton Strontium Structural Analysis Structural Enrichment Structure from Motion Subsurface features Super-Resolution Surface Pavement Surface Reflectance Dynamics Surface Urban Heat Island Synthetic Aperture Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scale parameter seamless localization segment anything model semantic segmentation sentinel 2 single high-speed camera snowy weather soil geochemistry south Sicily space heritage space mining space protection spatial analysis spatial constraints spatial resection spectral patterns spectral signatures street networks subsidence sustainability

T

TDCP TLS Tactical-grade Embedded GNSS/INS System Target Tectonic geomorphology Temperature Template matching Terrain slope Terrestrial Text Recognition The Moon Thermal sensors Thunderstorm Time Synchronization Time-Series Forecasting Time-variance Token serialization Topographic Mapping Traffic Congestion Traffic Management Traffic Sign Transliteration Transmission Line Safety Tree Location Tree species generation Tree top point Trimesters Turnagain Arm time-series images

U

U-Net U-net UAS UAV UAV Photogrammetry UAV data UAV resources UAV-based imaging UNet Model Uncertainty Estimation University Campus Unknown Spaces Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Unstructured environments Updating and Versioning Urban Areas Urban Digital Twins Urban Environment Urban Environments Urban Expansion Urban Forests Urban Heat Island Urban Heat Islands Urban Regeneration Urban Sustainability Urban functional zones (UFZs) Urbanization underground water leaks urban green spaces urban localization urban morphology urban resilience assessment urban sustainability urban water networks

V

VIS-NIR spectroscopy VISSIM Variable Sampling Rates Vario-Scale representation Vegetation Vegetation Change Detection Vegetation indices Vehicle Detection Velodyne VLP-16 Vertical Continuity Vertical urban growth Virtual Instrument Virtual forests Vision-Language Vision-Language Models (VLMs) Visual SLAM Visual-inertial systems (VINS) Visualization Volume estimation Voronoi Diagram Voxels vibration visual feature grading

W

WRF-ELEC Water Cloud Model Water Detection Water purification capacity Waterway We the UAE 2031 Vision Web-Based System White Portland Cement Wuhan walkability web crawler window views

X

xBD Dataset

Y

YOLO YOLOv10 Yttr
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