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Volume XLVIII-G-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

Volume XLVIII-G-2025 | Volumes
Volume XLVIII-G-2025 | Volumes

Volume XLVIII-G-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

1

15-minute City Concept

2

2D Focusing

3

3D 3D Building Reconstruction 3D City Modeling 3D Database 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Mapping 3D Model 3D Modeling 3D Point Cloud 3D Reconstruction 3D Scene 3D Time Series Analysis 3D buildings 3D city model 3D data 3D digital object 3D indoor modelling 3D information system 3D laser scanning 3D point cloud 3D point clouds 3D reconstruction 3D subdivision 3DCityDB 3DPD

5

5G Integrated Sensing and Communication 5G integrated sensing and communication

A

AI AI-driven Insights AI4Science ALOS-2 ALS ARIMA Model Accessibility Active tectonics Adaptive Resolution Adaptive Waste Demand Management Aerial Image Aerial Image Analysis Aerial Imagery Aerial LiDAR Aerial Photography Aerosol-cloud-dynamic interaction Agricultural Remote Sensing Agriculture Air Quality Air Quality Monitoring Air Temperature Mapping Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) Airborne LiDAR Airborne LiDAR Accuracy Assessment Airborne System Airspace map Analytics Ancient architecture Anomaly Application Domain Extension Arabian Gulf Architectural cultural heritage Architectural documentation Argument recognition Arid Region Armenia Artificial Neural Network Artificial intelligence Asteroid Attention Attention Mechanism Attention mechanism Attraction Field Maps Attribution analysis Augmented Reality Automation Automation in constructions Automotive Autonomous Driving Autonomous Indoor Construction Autonomous Vehicle Autonomous inspection Autonomous vehicle (AV) Autonomous vehicle navigation Autoware aboveground biomass adverse weather algorithms as-built BIM automated damage detection autonomous driving autonomous vehicles

B

BIM Barak Bathymetric LiDAR BiLSTM-CRF model Bicycle-mounted Big Data Analysis BikePack LiDAR BlazeFace Blender Body of Knowledge Brahmaputra Building Building Damage Detection Building Footprint Extraction Building Footprint Regularization Building Information Modeling (BIM) Building Information Modelling Building Material Building Modeling Building Reconstruction Building Segmentation Building Wireframe Modeling Building extraction Building model Buildings bark beetle bikeability bridge inspection building height estimation building reconstruction built environment burned area

C

CARLA CNN CaSSIS Calibration Calibration Grid Size Calibration Grid Type Camera Calibration Camera Imagery Interoperability Camera Pose Camera parameters Camera-LiDAR Fusion Canopy Gaps Canopy Height Model Evaluation Canopy footprint Capella Satellite Catalogue Cellular Automata Cement Durability Monitoring Cement Mortar Certified third-party sourcing Change Detection Change detection Cities CityGML CityJSON Cityscapes Class imbalance mitigation Classification Climate Change Climate change Clock Jitter Close-range photogrammetry Clustering Point Cloud Coarse Registration Coastal Reclamation Coastal Zone Color Difference Analysis Combined Mangrove Recognition Index Common Data Environment (CDE) Communities Completeness Assessment Composite chemical content Compressive Sensing Computational Fluid Dynamics Computer Vision Conceptual Framework Concrete Manufacturing Conservation technologies Construction Plans Continuous Monitoring Contour detector Convolutional Neural Network Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) Coral Correspondence Model Cost Estimation Cost-effective Cracks Crater Mapping Crop Classification Crop Health Classification Crop Mapping Cross-section extraction Crowd-source Data Fusion CubeSats Cultural Heritage Cyprus causal graph change detection classification climate change close range photogrammetry clothing dump collaborative platform color factor weight coordinate measurement crowd sourcing crowdsourced datasets crown delineation

D

DEM registration DHE DInSAR DSM DSM and dense point cloud analysis DSM/DEM DTM/DSM Damage Assessment Data Augmentation Data Integration Data development and utilization Data elements circulation Data security Decarbonization Deep Learning Deep learning Deforestation Denoising Dense Matching Dense Reconstruction Depreciation Diffusion Models Digital Construction Digital Twin Digital heritage Digital twin Digital twins Dijkstra’s algorithm Disaster Management Disaster Risk Reduction Disaster damage prediction Discrete grid Distance Measurement Distortion Model Dodoma-Tanzania Douglas-Peucker Driver Assistance Systems Drought Dune Dynamic Monitoring Dynamic Navigation Dynamic Representation data fusion data integration data interoperability deep learning deformation analysis detection diameter at breast height (DBH) digital aerial photogrammetry disabilities disaggregation algorithms disposal site do-calculus dump dynamic dynamic deflection monitoring dynamic features

E

EGI Inertial Navigation System Earth Observation Earth Plasm Bubbles Earthquakes Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East and North Africa region (EMMENA) Ecology Ecosystem Monitoring Edge Computing Eldarica Pine Emergency Emergency braking Energy efficiency Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (ESRGAN) Environmental Change Environmental Impacts Environmental Monitoring Environmental Weathering Error Propagation Error-Trend-Seasonality Model Evaluation indicator system Evaluation model Evaluation unit Evapotranspiration Event extraction Exploration Extended Kalman Filter Exterior orientation Extraterrestrial surfaces Extrinsic Calibration ecotourism edge distortion environmental data management environmental monitoring evaluation metrics expansive species extreme rainfall

F

Facility Management Feature Aligning Feature Pyramid Network Feature map Fire detection Fires First Path Flood Flood Monitoring Flooded area detection Floodplain Management Floods Food Security Assessment Forest Forest Analysis Forest biometrics Forestry Forward intersection Foundation Model Full waveform Fully Connected Neural Network Fusion Fuzzy Logic feature extraction feature point matching feature tracking flood forest forest fires forest management and monitoring

G

GAN GCN GEOBiA GF-7 Satellite GIQ.AE GIS GIS Environment GNSS GNSS Time Synchronisation GNSS challenges GPS data GWVI Gaussian Gaussian Splatting Gaussian scale-space Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Genetic Algorithm GeoAI GeoPose GeoSOT-3D Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geoinformatics Geological Disaster Geometric Inspection Geometric and Semantic Modeling Geometry Geomorphic Monitoring Geomorphology Geoportal Geospatial Analytics Geospatial Pattern Geospatial data Geospatial web service Geovisualisation Gharameel NR Global Moran's I Google Earth Engine Google Earth Engine platform Graph Neural Network Graphical User Interface Grassland Grassland Classification Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix Green Building GreenHIT Gross Primary Productivity Ground Fissure Ground point filtering Ground-based SAR Grounding DINO geo-monitoring glacier monitoring green and yellow stage ground-based synthetic aperture radar growth

H

HBIM HD Maps HSR-SPEINet Haar Transform Handheld Device Hardware accelerator Hazard Zonation Hazardous rock mass Henan province Heritage preservation Heterogeneous Computing High Accuracy GNSS Positioning High Definition Maps High Resolution High Spatial Resolution High-Definition Map High-altitude zone High-definition (HD) map High-definition Maps High-resolution Images High-resolution remote sensing images Hotspot Analysis Human impact Hydrological Modeling Hyperspectral Hyperspectral Reflectance Analysis Hyperspectral Remote Sensing high resolution hyper temporal

I

ICESat-2 ICP ILX-LR1 INEGI ISPRS Geospatial Week 2025 ITCD Illegal cultivated land use case Image classification Image registration Imaging Radar Impervious Surface Area Importance Inclusion Individual Tree Crown Individual tree segmentation Indoor Indoor Localization Indoor Scene Reconstruction Indoor mapping IndoorGML Inefficient urban land Initial Alignment Inspection Instance Segmentation Instance segmentation Intellegent identification Intelligent Change Detection Intelligent evaluation Intensity Intensive utilization evaluation Internet of Things (IoT) Invariant Feature Extraction Ionospheric Scintillation iPhone image fusion image optimization image preprocessing image segmentation image stitching imaging importance recognition in depth Focusing individual tree individualization infrastructure monitoring interferometric TOPSPAR invasive species

J

Jump Point Search

K

Kenya Knowledge Gaps Konkan Region Pollution Krkonoše Mountains knowledge graphs

L

L-band SAR LIDAR LOS LRO Mini RF SAR LT-1 LULC classification Land Complex Land Cover Land Cover Classification Land Cover and Land Use (LCLU) Land Surface Temperature Land Use Land Use and Land Cover Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Landcover Lander Localization Landing Site Landsat Landsat remote sensing Landsat satellite images Landslides Large Gradient Deformation Large Multimodal Models Large-Scale Mapping Laser Altimeter Laser Scanning Least Squares Adjustment Levenshtein Distance LiDAR LiDAR Point Cloud LiDAR matching LiDAR point cloud LiDAR point cloud segmentation LiDAR/IMU/RTK fusion Linear Regression model Lines Detection LoD LoD3 Reconstruction Local Climate Zones Local maxima Localization Location-based Services Low-Cost Low-Cost Technology Lunar Exploration Lunar robots Lupinus polyphyllus Lutan-1 SAR landfill landforms features laser scanning leak detection

M

MODIS Machine Learning Machine Learning Multi-output Regression Model Machine learning Mamba Mangrove Mangrove Health Index Mangroves Map Update Mapping Marine monitoring Marine pollution Mars Mars exploration Mask R-CNN Masks Mass Transit Matching and fusion Maximum Entropy Classifier Medicane Apollo Metal contamination Metro system Metrology Microwave chamber Mining Subsidence Mixed Reality Mobile LASER Scanning Mobile Laser Scanning Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) Mobile Line Segment Detector Mobile Mapping Mobile Mapping Technology Mobile laser scanning Mobile positioning data Mobile robot Mobile robotics Model Lightweighting Model integration Model-Driven Approach Modified U-Net Modular Construction Monitoring Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) Moran’s Index Morocco Earthquake Morphological parameters Multi Modality Multi source Place names Multi-Camera Multi-Level of Detail Models Multi-Resolution LiDAR point cloud Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data Multi-illumination dome system Multi-instrument platforms Multi-modal Analysis Multi-modal Feature Multi-modal image matching Multi-robot Multi-scale feature fusion Multi-sensor Multi-sensor Fusion Multi-sensors Data Integration Multi-source data fusion processing Multimodal Multimodal fusion Multispectral camera Multispectral sensors Muscat machine learning machine vision mand_made forest mass movements mobile applications monitoring multi-modal data processing multi-source data fusion multi-source geographical big data multispectral image multispectral imagery multispectral survey

N

NDSI NDVI NDVI Analysis NER of India NLOS Neural Networks Neural Radiance Fields Neural Rendering Neural network Noise Map Noise modeling Noise removal Non-Destructive Testing Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) North Zanjan Fault Norway spruce Novel View Synthesis nature-based solutions neural network

O

OBIA Object Brightness Enhancement Object Detection Objects Obstacle detection Oil Palm Plantation Oil spills On-board intelligent processing Online Courses Open Data Cube Open Source Open-Source Standard Operation andMaintenance Operational Design Domains (ODD) Optical imagery Orbital imagery Orthophotos Oscillator Otsu thresholding object tracking object-based Image Analysis oblique photogrammetry open data optical EO

P

PCMCI PRISMA Hyperspectral satellite PS-InSAR PSInSAR Stack On-Off model Parking Occupancy Detection Path Planning Patna floods Pedestrian Activity Pedestrian Movement Analysis and Patterns People with Disability Per capita green space inequality Performance Efficiency Performance Evaluation Perth Pervious Concrete Pavement Phase Noise Photogrammetry Photometric Photometric Error Photon Weight Phytoplankton blooms Phytoremediation Pin Valley-National Park (PV-NP) Pipe geometry Pix2Pix Pixel-based image analysis Plane Constraints Planet Scope PlanetScope Planetary Environments Planetary exploration Planetary multi-source DEM Planetary rover Planetary topographic modeling Planning Point Cloud Point Cloud Accuracy Verification Point Cloud Classification Point Clouds Point cloud Point cloud geometric features Points of Interest (POIs) Poly kernel inception network Pose Estimation Post-disaster damage detection and recovery monitoring Post-disaster imagery Power Transmission Line Collision Detection Precision Agriculture Precision agriculture Precision farming Prefabrication Preface Prior Regularization Progress Monitoring Property Valuation Proximity and Diversity of Urban Functions Public data resources Public-Private Partnership PyQGIS passive microwave radiometry permanent shadow crater photogrammetry plugin development point cloud point cloud denoising point cloud processing software point clouds pollution monitoring post-fire vegetation recovering prior map proximal sensing public Transportation

Q

QGIS Quality Assessment Quality Control

R

RAM RGB Images RGB imagery RTK RTK positioning RUSLE Model Radiometric Calibration Radiometric correction Random Forest Real-time Real-time object detection Reality Capture Reconstruction Reforestation Registration Regularized Boundaries Remote Sensing Remote Sensing,RU-Net++ Remote sensing Requirement Analysis Resilience Risk Mapping River Basin Survey River Digital Twin River drought River flood Road Assets Road Detection Road Inspection Road Safety Road damage detection Road extraction Roads Rock slope Roof Line Detection Rotation axis estimation Rotation parameters Route Optimization Algorithms Rubidium Rule library relevance algorithms remote sensing river gauge road damage detection robot trajectory measurement roof modeling

S

SAR SAR Interferometry SBAS-InSAR SDG11 SDR SLAM SPEI SSC SUDS SWE Salt marsh Satellite Imagery Satellite images Satellite recordings Saudi Arabia Scan-to-BIM Scene Flow Sea Reclamation Seagrass Segment Anything Model (SAM) Segmentation Seismic behavior Semantic Constraints Semantic Segmentation Semantic segmentation of point clouds Semi-automatic Algorithm Semi-automatic algorithm Sensor Sensor Selection Sentinel 1 Sentinel 2 Sentinel-1 Sentinel-1 SAR Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 Optical Imagery Sentinel-5P Service composition Shadow Segmentation Shannon’s Entropy Index Shape reconstruction Sharaan NP Short-term prediction Sidewalk detection Signal penetration Signal photon Similarity Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) Single photon Single-View Geometry Small bodies Smart Cities Smart City Solutions Smart Waste Management Smartphone Camera Calibration Software updates Soil Moisture Soil Parameters Soil loss Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) Space Data Center Spatial Statistics Spatio-temporal Analysis Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Spatiotemporal changes Spectral Properties Spectral indices Speech Sound Disorders (SSDs) Speech-Language Pathologists Stereo Camera Stereo Photogrammetry Stereo images Stokes parameter Stormwater Management Straight Skeleton Street Furniture Strontium Structural Analysis Structural Deformation Structural Enrichment Structure from Motion Structure from motion Subdivision Subsurface features Subway Sun Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence Super Point Transformer Super-Resolution Support vector Regression (SVR) Surface Heat Mapping Surface Pavement Surface Reflectance Dynamics Surface Urban Heat Island Surface water mapping Surveying Sustainability Sustainable Development Goals Synthetic Aperture Radar Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scale parameter seamless localization segment anything model semantic segmentation sentinel 2 sentinel-1 single high-speed camera smart tourism snowy weather soil geochemistry soil moisture solar radiation analysis south Sicily space heritage space mining space protection spatial analysis spatial constraints spatial resection spatial resolution spectral information loss spectral patterns spectral signatures spherical target detection street networks subsidence susceptibility mapping sustainability sustainable tourism

T

TDCP TLS Tactical-grade Embedded GNSS/INS System Target Tectonic geomorphology Temperature Template matching Terrain slope Terrestrial Text Recognition The Moon Thermal Data Thermal sensors Three Dimension Visualization Thunderstorm Time Series InSAR Time Synchronization Time-Series Forecasting Time-variance Tobago Token serialization Topographic Mapping Topological Modeling Traffic Congestion Traffic Management Traffic Noise Traffic Sign Traffic congestion TrainingDML-AI Trajectory Enhancement Transformer Transition Space Transliteration Transmission Line Safety Transportation infrastructure Transverse aeolian ridges Tree Location Tree species generation Tree top point Triangle Mesh Simplification Triangle Meshs Trimesters Tunnel Luminaires Turnagain Arm temporal modeling the Moon time series time-series images tree segmentation

U

U-Net U-net UAS UAV UAV Photogrammetry UAV data UAV resources UAV-based imaging UAVs UNet Model Uncertainty Estimation Underground Universal Accessibility University Campus Unknown Spaces Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unmanned Aircraft System Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Unstructured environments Updating and Versioning Urban Areas Urban Change Prediction Urban Digital Twin Urban Digital Twins Urban Environment Urban Environments Urban Expansion Urban Expansion Intensity Index Urban Forests Urban Green Space Urban Heat Island Urban Heat Islands Urban Monitoring Urban Planning Urban Regeneration Urban Sustainability Urban Trees Urban center-edge gradients Urban functional zones (UFZs) Urban landscape change Urban mobility Urban planning Urban territorial space Urbanization underground water leaks urban functional zone urban green spaces urban heat island urban localization urban morphology urban resilience assessment urban sustainability urban water networks

V

VIS-NIR spectroscopy VISSIM Variable Sampling Rates Vario-Scale representation Vegetation Vegetation Change Detection Vegetation Mapping Vegetation indices Vehicle Detection Velodyne VLP-16 Vertical Continuity Vertical urban growth Virtual Instrument Virtual forests Virtual reality Vision-Language Vision-Language Models (VLMs) Visual SLAM Visual-LiDAR Odometry Visual-inertial systems (VINS) Visualization Volcanic Domes of Armenia Volume estimation Voronoi Diagram Voxel Model Voxel Modelling Voxels vegetation vibration visual feature grading

W

WRF-ELEC Water Cloud Model Water Detection Water purification capacity Waterway Wavelet Packet Decomposition We the UAE 2031 Vision Web-Based System Weighted Structure Saliency Feature White Portland Cement Wuhan walkability weak supervision web crawler window views

X

xBD Dataset

Y

YOLO YOLOv10 Yttr
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