The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
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Volume XLVIII-M-9-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

Volume XLVIII-M-9-2025, 2025 – Keyword index

3

30th CIPA Symposium 360-Degree Camera 360-degree Documentation 360° Virtual Tour 3D 3D Annotation 3D Contour Detection 3D Digital Restoration 3D Digital Survey 3D Documentation 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Laser Scan 3D Laser Scanning 3D Mapping 3D Model 3D Modeling 3D Modelling 3D Models 3D Optimization 3D Point Cloud 3D Reconstruction 3D Rendering 3D Scan 3D Scanner 3D Scanning 3D Scholarly Edition 3D Semantic Segmentation 3D Survey 3D Texture Mapping 3D Textured Model 3D Visualization 3D-4D Modelling 3DSurvey 3d Reconstruction

A

AI AI Reconstruction AI Segmentation AI driven AI-assisted Segmentation AI-to-BIM API AR Aachen Cathedral Academic Heritage Accessibility Accuracy Assessment Adobe Architecture Aerial Hyperspectral Imaging Aflaj Agisoft Metashape Agricultural Heritage AlUla Alteration Monitoring Analco Analysis of Spatial Context Ancient Architecture Ancient Building Protection Ancient Chinese Stone Arch Bridges Ancient Cyprus Ancient Pergamon Ancient Settlements Ancient Stone Bridge Ancient Villages Angkor Ankara Applied Imaging ArcGIS Archaeological LiDAR Classification Archaeological Mission Archaeology Archaeometry Architectural Configuration Architectural Conservation Architectural Education Architectural Heritage Architectural Heritage Conservation Architectural Heritage Education Architectural Heritage at Risk Architectural Restoration Architectural and Pathologies Semantics Architectural heritage Conservation Architecture Archival Datafication Archival Documents Archival Methodology Archives Artifact Distribution Mapping Artifact relationship analysis Artifact-centered Design Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence-Generated Content (AIGC) Artificial intelligence Assessment Assets Atificial Intelligence Augmented & Virtual Reality Augmented Reality Authenticity Automation

B

BART BDD BERT BIM Backpack Scanner Backscattered Electron Baghdad Banteay Chhmar Benchmark Dataset Best Fit Algorithm Blender Blender Cycles Born-digital Cultural Heritage Bramante Bridge Management System Bronze Dagger Building Condition Assessment Building Information Modeling (BIM) Building Regularisation Building Segmentation Built Heritage documentation Built heritage Burial Structure Business Intelligence Byzantine

C

CDE CFD-assisted Diagnostics CIDOC CRM CIM CNN CNN Deep Learning Cadastral Discrepancy Canopy Analysis Capacity Building Capacity building Caspar David Friedrich Castillo Cataloguing Cave Cave Mapping Celadon Chichen Itza Chimi Chinese Classical Architecture Chinese Eastern Railway Chinese characters Church Conservation Church of San Francesco della Vigna Cinematic Virtual Reality City Reconstruction Classification Climate Adaptation Climate Change Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Impact Climate Variability Trends Climate monitoring Close-Range Photogrammetry Close-range Photogrammetry Cloud Compare Cloud Points Cloud-Based Platforms Co-creation Coastal Forts Collaborative Platform Collection Management Collective Memory Color Characteristics Colour Transformation Column Shaft Common Data Environment Community Engagement Community Participatory Complexity Analysis Computer Graphics Computer Vision Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) Condition Assessment Conservation Conservation Data Management Conservation Management Conservation Philosophy Conservation-Restoration Conservation-restoration Contemporary History Museums Context Restoration Convolutional Neural Network Cooperation Crack Pattern Classification Cracks Craftsmanship Cross-view Geometric Prior Crowd-sourced Images Crowdsourcing Cultural Big Data Construction Cultural Capital Cultural Data Governance Cultural Engagement Cultural Heritage Cultural Heritage 3D Reproduction Cultural Heritage Archives Cultural Heritage Conservation Cultural Heritage Contextualization Cultural Heritage Documentation Cultural Heritage Education Cultural Heritage Interpretation Cultural Heritage Management Cultural Heritage ODA Cultural Heritage Places Cultural Heritage Preservation Cultural Heritage Protection Cultural Heritage Restoration Cultural Heritage Routes Cultural Heritage Survey Cultural Heritage Value Cultural Heritage Visualization Cultural Heritage at Risk Cultural Landscape Cultural Landscapes

D

DIN Standards Dadanitic Inscriptions Damage Damage Assessment Damage Atlas Damage Factor Damage Interpretation Data Analysis Data Co-registration Data Fusion Data Integration Data Reuse Data Sharing Data Sovereignty Data Structure Data management Data-driven Modeling Data-fusion Data-reuse Dataspaces Decay Deep Learning Degradation Measurement Method (MMD) Denoising Depth of Field Design Stages Deterioration-prone Zone Analysis Diagnostic Investigations Digital 3D Modelling Digital Acquisition Digital Archaeology Digital Architectural Heritage Digital Archive Digital Art History Digital Color Reproduction Digital Conservation Digital Conservation Technology Digital Cultural Heritage Digital Data Analysis Digital Dissemination Digital Documentation Digital Exhibition Digital Heritage Digital Heritage Governance Digital Heritage Imaging Digital Heritage Innovation Digital Heritage Preservation Digital History Digital Imaging Digital Interactions Digital Mapping Techniques Digital Modelling Digital Models Digital Narrative Digital Preservation Digital Reconstruction Digital Recording Digital Representation Digital Research Digital Restoration Digital Rubbing Digital Skills Digital Stewardship Digital Storytelling Digital Survey Digital Techniques Digital Tools Digital Transformation Digital Twin Digital heritage Digital human Digital publication Digital sound source Digital transformation Digitalisation Digitalization Digitisation Digitisation techniques Digitization Dike-Pond System Dimensional Statistics Disaster Risk Reduction Dissemination Documentation Documentation of Heritage Dolmens Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Donggwoldo Drone and Laser Scanner Survey

E

ERN 2024 EU Data Strategy EU VIGIE 2020/654 Earthen Heritage Eastern Mediterranean Ecclesiastical Treasures Edge Reconstruction Education Educational Strategy Electromagnetic Sensor Elephant Terrace Embodied Cognition Embodied Interaction Embroidered Cultural Assets Emilia Masonry Churches Emotion Enhancement Planning Environmental and Anthropogenic Threats Epigraph Preservation Ethnographic Museums Event Ontology Exhibition of Cultural Heritage Exposed Art Extended Reality Extended Reality (XR) eXtended Reality

F

FEA FEM Facade Fast Survey Feature Extraction Features Importance Fieldwork Finite Element Analysis Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Finite Element Model Flexible Electronic Skin Flight Path Planning Folklife Archive Folklife Archive Information Centre Folklife Archive Material Management System Fortified Heritage Fresco forts

G

GIS GIS Analysis GIS Data GIS Database GIS Mapping GIS-based Analysis GIS-based Landscape Analysis GLAM GNSS Gamification Gaming in Architecture Heritage Gaussian Splatting Generative AI Virtual Reconstruction Generative Artificial Intelligence Geodetic Survey Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geomatic Geomatics Geometric Calibration Geometric Documentation Geometry Geospatial Analysis Geospatial Registration Geungnakbojeon Hall of Muwisa Gochang Gonghoulong (宫后垄) Temple Goryeo Celadons Goryeo Palace Graffiti Greece Ground Penetrating Radar Ground Sampling Distance Ground Truth geoXR

H

H-BIM H-BIM Modeling H-GIS HBIM HUL Approach Hajj Routes Hallucinations Hangeul Archives Haptic Feedback Hedong Salt Heritage Heritage Assets Heritage BIM Heritage Building Assessment Heritage Building Information modeling (HBIM) Heritage Conservation Heritage Conservation from Bits: From Digital Documentation to Data-driven Heritage Conservation Heritage Data Sharing Heritage Documentation Heritage Education Heritage Gamification Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Information Management Systems Heritage Interpretation Heritage Landscape Heritage Management Heritage Platform Heritage Reconstruction Methodology Heritage Repairs Heritage Retrofitting Heritage Revitalisation Heritage Systems Heritage Value Assessment Heritage at Risk Heritage documentation Heritagisation Historic Bridge Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) Historic Garden Historic Reconstruction Historic Theatres Historical Archives Historical Cartography Historical Centre Historical City Historical Digital Twin Historical Documentation Historical GIS Historical Gardens Historical Graffiti Historical Mapping Historical Parks Historical context restoration History of Architecture Holistic Documentation Hong Kong Yu Lan Festival Horizon Europe Huizhou Region Human-environment Interaction Huế Vietnam Hwaeom Stone Sutra Hybrid Materials Hyperspectral Hyperspectral Imaging

I

ICCD Application IFC Schema IIIF Iconography Image Alignment Accuracy Image Analysis Image Equalization Image Matching Image Processing Image Segmentation Image enhancement Image registration Immersive Content Immersive Environments Immersive Experience Immersive Learning Immersive Media Immersive Virtual Reality Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) Inaccessible Heritage India Indigenous Indoor Mapping Industrial Heritage Information Flow Information Modelling Information heritage Information systems Informative Models InfraWorks Infrared Thermography Inscription Relics Intangible Intangible Cultural Heritage Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) Intangible Cultural Heritage Preservation Intangible Heritage Integrated Survey Integrated Workflow Integration Integration Assessment Intelligent Monument Intelligent Protection Inter-Korean Joint Excavation Survey Interactive Exhibition Interactive Museum Experience Interactivity Interoperability Interpretation of Industrial Heritage Inversion Italy Iwami Ginzan iPad

K

Kizil Cave-Temple Complex Knowledge Graph Knowledge Management System Knowledge Representation Method Knowledge Transfer Konkan Korea Korean Martial Law Crisis Kuki

L

LBE VR LLM LMM LOD-2 Models Laconia Landscape Archaeology Laser Scanner Laser Scanning Laser scanner Laser scanning Laser-scanning Late Renaissance Architecture Learning by Doing Level of Detail LiDAR LiDAR Data LiDAR Scanning Lidar Lifecycle Model Light Efficiency Lighting Linear model Living Archive Long March Culture Low Visibility Low-Cost Sensors Low-cost Technology Low-cost photogrammetry Lushan World Heritage

M

MLS MVS Machine Learning Maintenance Maksae Giwa Manual Classification Mapping Maritime Heritage Masonry Masonry Heritage Match Points Enhancement Material Modelling Maximum Entropy Threshold Media Art Medieval Heritage Medina of Tunis Mediterranean Archaeology Menderes (Maeander) Delta Metadata Metaverse Mexico Microclimatic RH Variation Migration Minecraft Mireuksa Temple Mireuksa Temple Site in Iksan Mixed Soluble Salt Mobile Mapping Mobile Mapping Systems MobileNetV2 Modernist Architecture Moisture Diffusion Monitoring Montemor-o-Novo Monument Ventilation Motion Capture Multi-Cam Photogrammetry Multi-Risk Assessment Multi-Scale Attention Multi-camera Mobile Mapping System Multi-camera Photogrammetry Multi-layered Cities Multi-participation Experience Multi-scale Multiclass classification Multimodal Data Fusion Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression Multisensory Interaction Mummification Mural Mural Disruption Museum Museum Archives Museum Digitization Strategy Museum Exhibition Museum Experience Museum Workforce Museum archive

N

NDT’s NLP Narrative Design Narratives National Folk Museum of Korea National Heritage Value Natural Heritage Natural Language Processing Natural frequency NeRF Neon Signs Nightscape Design North Korea Notre-Dame de Paris

O

Oblique Photogrammetry Oil Painting Old giant trees Ontology Open-Source OpenBIM OpenStreetMap Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Optical Imaging Organic Artefacts Ortho-Corrected Image Orthophoto Ouro Preto Forever

P

PNRR Paleolandscapes Paleolithic sites Palladio Paradata Parametric Coding Parametric Modelling Participatory Heritage Participatory Leaning Participatory Mapping Patch-based Inpainting Path Tracing Pathology detection Pedagogy Peking Man Philippines Photogrammetry Photography Phygital Storytelling Physical Simulation Physics-informed Neural Network Piedmont Territory and Heritage Pigments Pix4Dcatch Pixel-based Statistics Plan Planar Structural Information Planned Preservation Podongjaju Point Cloud Point Cloud Annotation Point Cloud Data Point Cloud Denoising Point Cloud Processing Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation Point Clouds Points Clouds Classification Pompei Historical Site Pore Structure Post-colonial Identity Post-earthquake Reinforcements Effectiveness Poznań Precision Monitoring Preface Preservation Preservation of Sound Heritage Preventive Conservation Preventive Monitoring Processional Painting Project Definition Criteria Project-based Learning Projection Mapping Prompt Enginering Prototype Psychoacoustics Public Awareness Public Outreach

R

Railway Heritage Railway Infrastructure Heritage RandLA-Net Randon Forest Rapid Prototyping Reality-based 3D Classification and Segmentation RealityScan Red Legacy Reflectance Transformation Imaging Regional Heritage Regression Religious Complex Religious Heritage Remote Sensing Remote training Repair Repair History Repair Information Repair Records Archive Restoration Retopology Revit API Revolutionary Cultural Heritage Risk Risk Mitigation River Digital Twin Riverine Heritage Landscapes Roof Shape Detection Rovigo Historical Architecture Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty Ruins Rural Investigation Workflow

S

SAM2 SLAM Sacred Bell of King Seongdeok Salt Content Sample Partitioning San Michele Maggiore Pavia Santhal Satellite Data Satellite Imagery Satellite Remote Sensing Saudi Heritage Scale Model Scan to BIM Scan to HBIM Scan-to-BIM Scan-to-BIM-to-WebVR Scene-Adaptive Process Section Segment Anything Model Segmentation Seismic Damage Seismic Retrofitting Selection of Documentation Techniques Semantic Analysis Semantic Annotation Semantic Enhancement Semantic Interoperability Semantic Ontology Semantic Prompting Semantic Segmentation Sentence Embeddings Seokkarae Seoul Serious Games (SGs) Settlement Plane Form Shading analysis Shape Grammar Sharing Shedthin tiles Ship Graffiti Simulation Singapore Thian Hock Keng Single Image Dataset Smartphone Social Media Software Comparison Sonic Heritage Soundscape Source Credibility Space Syntax Spatial Analysis Spatial Archaeology Spatial Behavior Spatial Characteristics Spatial Cognition Spatial Data Integration Spatial Distribution Spatial Documentation Spatial Narrative Spatial Planning Spatial Radiation of Sound Spatial Semantic Parsing Spherical Photogrammetry Stacking Classifier Static and Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Stone Blocks Stone Cultural Heritage Stone Heritage Stone Pagoda Stone inscriptions Image Structural Assessment Structural Conservation Structural Monitoring Structural analysis Structural information Student Laboratory Submerged Archaeology Submerged Cultural Heritage Subsidence Subsurface Heritage Summer School Surface Land Temperature Sustainable Conservation and Management Sustainable Documentation Sustainable Monument Suzhou Classical Gardens Swin Transformer

T

TLS Tachymetry Teaching Technical Pathway Technology Technology Adaptation Temple Murals Temples Terrestrial Laser Scanning Texel Density Textile Digital Heritage Texture Thematic Data Thái Hòa Hall Timber Stability Time-Series Archiving Tools Integration Traditional Craftsman Traditional Garden of Korea Traditional Village Transnational Tree representation techniques the Ming Great Wall

U

U-Net UAV Photogrammetry UNESCO UNESCO World Heritage UNESCO World Heritage Site URL Classification USD Unauthorized Buildings Underground Mines Underwater Archaeology Underwater Photogrammetry Underwater and Terrestrial Heritage Unity University Heritage Unmixing model Unroll Urban Digital Twin Urban Heritage User Experience

V

V-SLAM and 3D Reconstruction VHR Satellite Imagery VR Valorisation Vegetation Indices Venetian Serenissima Fortifications Vertical AI Vibrational and acoustic characteristics Video Game Engine Videogrammetry Viewshed Analysis Vijaydurg Villa Arconati at Castellazzo di Bollate Virtual City Tours Virtual Heritage Virtual Heritage Applications Virtual Heritage Interaction Virtual Museum Virtual Production Virtual Reality Virtual Reality (VR) Virtual Reconstruction Virtual Reflectance Transformation Imaging Virtual Tour Virtual Tours Virtual Twins Virtual restoration Virtual/Augmented/Mixed Reality Visitor Experience Visual Documentation Visual Narratives Visual Query Visualization Visualization of Sound Visualization of Spatial Big Data Voxel

W

Wall impact analysis Weathering of Surfaces Web GIS Web Mapping Web-interaction WebGIS System Wikidata Wind Comfort Wind Field Analysis Wind load WindperfectDX Wood Knot Detection Wooden Architectural Cultural Heritage Wooden Architectural Heritage Wooden Temples Workflow Automation World Heritage World Heritage Designated and Non-designated Sites
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